Early infectious exposures are not associated with increased risk of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis
We sought to determine if early infectious exposures such as daycare, early use of antibiotics, vaccinations and other germ exposures including pacifier use and playing on grass are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) risk in children. This was a case-control study of children with MS or clinica...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Multiple sclerosis and related disorders 2018-05, Vol.22, p.103-107 |
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| creator | Suleiman, Leena Waubant, Emmanuelle Aaen, Gregory Belman, Anita Benson, Leslie Candee, Meghan Chitnis, Tanuja Gorman, Mark Goyal, Manu Greenberg, Benjamin Harris, Yolanda Hart, Janace Kahn, Ilana Krupp, Lauren Lotze, Timothy Mar, Soe Moodley, Manikum Ness, Jayne Nourbakhsh, Bardia Rensel, Mary Rodriguez, Moses Rose, John Rubin, Jennifer Schreiner, Teri Tillema, Jan-Mendelt Waldman, Amy Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca Casper, T. Charles Waltz, Michael Graves, Jennifer S. |
| description | We sought to determine if early infectious exposures such as daycare, early use of antibiotics, vaccinations and other germ exposures including pacifier use and playing on grass are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) risk in children.
This was a case-control study of children with MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and healthy controls enrolled at sixteen clinics participating in the US Network of Pediatric MS Centers. Parents completed a comprehensive environmental questionnaire that captured early infectious exposures, habits, and illnesses in the first five years of life. A panel of at least two pediatric MS specialists confirmed diagnosis of participants. Association of early infectious variables with diagnosis was assessed via multivariable logistic regression analyses, adjusting for age, sex, race, ethnicity, US birth region, and socioeconomic status (SES).
Questionnaire responses for 326 eligible cases (mean age 14.9, 63.5% girls) and 506 healthy pediatric subjects (mean age 14.4, 56.9% girls) were included in analyses. History of flu with high fever before age five (p = 0.01), playing outside in grass and use of special products to treat head lice or scabies (p = 0.04) were associated with increased risk of MS in unadjusted analyses. In the multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, and mother's highest educational attainment, these results were not statistically significant. Notably, antibiotic use (p = 0.22) and regular daycare attendance before age 6 (p = 0.09) were not associated with odds of developing MS.
Early infectious factors investigated in this study were not associated with MS risk.
•Parents of children with MS completed a detailed questionnaire of early life exposures.•Early flu-like illness and playing on grass were associated with increased risk of MS.•This difference did not reach statistical significance in multivariable models.•Early infectious exposures do not appear to significantly alter risk of pediatric MS. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.msard.2018.03.015 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>elsevier_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_6066281</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S2211034818301020</els_id><sourcerecordid>S2211034818301020</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c459t-eba9e012b7dcbf082768e059a912cbaf35c0977ae489213e6467c9df3da2fe763</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kMtOwzAQRS0EAgT9AiTkH0jwI3GSBUio4iUhsYG15TiT1iWNI09a4O9xKVSwwRt7NPfeGR9CzjhLOePqYpEu0YQmFYyXKZMp4_keORaC84TJXO3v3ll5RCaICxaPynmm-CE5EpXKZSaLYzK7MaH7oK5vwY7Or5DC--BxFQCpCUB7P1KD6K0zIzT0zY3zKLYBDMYyOHylvqUDNLEfnE18jzDS5aob3dABRdtB8OjwlBy0pkOYfN8n5OX25nl6nzw-3T1Mrx8Tm-XVmEBtKmBc1EVj65aVolAlsLwyFRe2Nq3MLauKwkBWVoJLUJkqbNW0sjGihULJE3K1zR1W9RIaC_0YTKeH4JYmfGhvnP7b6d1cz_xaK6aUKHkMkNsAG_fGAO3Oy5neoNcL_YVeb9BrJnVEH13nv8fuPD-go-ByK4D4-bWDoNE66G0EFyJ53Xj374BPYHOaOg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype></control><display><type>article</type><title>Early infectious exposures are not associated with increased risk of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Suleiman, Leena ; Waubant, Emmanuelle ; Aaen, Gregory ; Belman, Anita ; Benson, Leslie ; Candee, Meghan ; Chitnis, Tanuja ; Gorman, Mark ; Goyal, Manu ; Greenberg, Benjamin ; Harris, Yolanda ; Hart, Janace ; Kahn, Ilana ; Krupp, Lauren ; Lotze, Timothy ; Mar, Soe ; Moodley, Manikum ; Ness, Jayne ; Nourbakhsh, Bardia ; Rensel, Mary ; Rodriguez, Moses ; Rose, John ; Rubin, Jennifer ; Schreiner, Teri ; Tillema, Jan-Mendelt ; Waldman, Amy ; Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca ; Casper, T. Charles ; Waltz, Michael ; Graves, Jennifer S.</creator><creatorcontrib>Suleiman, Leena ; Waubant, Emmanuelle ; Aaen, Gregory ; Belman, Anita ; Benson, Leslie ; Candee, Meghan ; Chitnis, Tanuja ; Gorman, Mark ; Goyal, Manu ; Greenberg, Benjamin ; Harris, Yolanda ; Hart, Janace ; Kahn, Ilana ; Krupp, Lauren ; Lotze, Timothy ; Mar, Soe ; Moodley, Manikum ; Ness, Jayne ; Nourbakhsh, Bardia ; Rensel, Mary ; Rodriguez, Moses ; Rose, John ; Rubin, Jennifer ; Schreiner, Teri ; Tillema, Jan-Mendelt ; Waldman, Amy ; Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca ; Casper, T. Charles ; Waltz, Michael ; Graves, Jennifer S. ; on behalf of the Network of Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Centers ; Network of Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Centers</creatorcontrib><description>We sought to determine if early infectious exposures such as daycare, early use of antibiotics, vaccinations and other germ exposures including pacifier use and playing on grass are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) risk in children.
This was a case-control study of children with MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and healthy controls enrolled at sixteen clinics participating in the US Network of Pediatric MS Centers. Parents completed a comprehensive environmental questionnaire that captured early infectious exposures, habits, and illnesses in the first five years of life. A panel of at least two pediatric MS specialists confirmed diagnosis of participants. Association of early infectious variables with diagnosis was assessed via multivariable logistic regression analyses, adjusting for age, sex, race, ethnicity, US birth region, and socioeconomic status (SES).
Questionnaire responses for 326 eligible cases (mean age 14.9, 63.5% girls) and 506 healthy pediatric subjects (mean age 14.4, 56.9% girls) were included in analyses. History of flu with high fever before age five (p = 0.01), playing outside in grass and use of special products to treat head lice or scabies (p = 0.04) were associated with increased risk of MS in unadjusted analyses. In the multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, and mother's highest educational attainment, these results were not statistically significant. Notably, antibiotic use (p = 0.22) and regular daycare attendance before age 6 (p = 0.09) were not associated with odds of developing MS.
Early infectious factors investigated in this study were not associated with MS risk.
•Parents of children with MS completed a detailed questionnaire of early life exposures.•Early flu-like illness and playing on grass were associated with increased risk of MS.•This difference did not reach statistical significance in multivariable models.•Early infectious exposures do not appear to significantly alter risk of pediatric MS.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2211-0348</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2211-0356</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.03.015</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29653437</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Age of Onset ; Case-Control Studies ; Childhood infection ; Communicable Diseases - epidemiology ; Environmental Exposure ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Multiple sclerosis ; Multiple Sclerosis - epidemiology ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neonatal exposure ; Risk Factors ; United States</subject><ispartof>Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2018-05, Vol.22, p.103-107</ispartof><rights>2018 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</rights><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c459t-eba9e012b7dcbf082768e059a912cbaf35c0977ae489213e6467c9df3da2fe763</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c459t-eba9e012b7dcbf082768e059a912cbaf35c0977ae489213e6467c9df3da2fe763</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-1391-4496</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653437$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Suleiman, Leena</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Waubant, Emmanuelle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aaen, Gregory</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Belman, Anita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Benson, Leslie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Candee, Meghan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chitnis, Tanuja</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gorman, Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goyal, Manu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Greenberg, Benjamin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Harris, Yolanda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hart, Janace</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kahn, Ilana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krupp, Lauren</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lotze, Timothy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mar, Soe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moodley, Manikum</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ness, Jayne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nourbakhsh, Bardia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rensel, Mary</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rodriguez, Moses</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rose, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rubin, Jennifer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schreiner, Teri</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tillema, Jan-Mendelt</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Waldman, Amy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Casper, T. Charles</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Waltz, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Graves, Jennifer S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>on behalf of the Network of Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Centers</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Network of Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Centers</creatorcontrib><title>Early infectious exposures are not associated with increased risk of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis</title><title>Multiple sclerosis and related disorders</title><addtitle>Mult Scler Relat Disord</addtitle><description>We sought to determine if early infectious exposures such as daycare, early use of antibiotics, vaccinations and other germ exposures including pacifier use and playing on grass are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) risk in children.
This was a case-control study of children with MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and healthy controls enrolled at sixteen clinics participating in the US Network of Pediatric MS Centers. Parents completed a comprehensive environmental questionnaire that captured early infectious exposures, habits, and illnesses in the first five years of life. A panel of at least two pediatric MS specialists confirmed diagnosis of participants. Association of early infectious variables with diagnosis was assessed via multivariable logistic regression analyses, adjusting for age, sex, race, ethnicity, US birth region, and socioeconomic status (SES).
Questionnaire responses for 326 eligible cases (mean age 14.9, 63.5% girls) and 506 healthy pediatric subjects (mean age 14.4, 56.9% girls) were included in analyses. History of flu with high fever before age five (p = 0.01), playing outside in grass and use of special products to treat head lice or scabies (p = 0.04) were associated with increased risk of MS in unadjusted analyses. In the multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, and mother's highest educational attainment, these results were not statistically significant. Notably, antibiotic use (p = 0.22) and regular daycare attendance before age 6 (p = 0.09) were not associated with odds of developing MS.
Early infectious factors investigated in this study were not associated with MS risk.
•Parents of children with MS completed a detailed questionnaire of early life exposures.•Early flu-like illness and playing on grass were associated with increased risk of MS.•This difference did not reach statistical significance in multivariable models.•Early infectious exposures do not appear to significantly alter risk of pediatric MS.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Age of Onset</subject><subject>Case-Control Studies</subject><subject>Childhood infection</subject><subject>Communicable Diseases - epidemiology</subject><subject>Environmental Exposure</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Logistic Models</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Multiple sclerosis</subject><subject>Multiple Sclerosis - epidemiology</subject><subject>Multivariate Analysis</subject><subject>Neonatal exposure</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>United States</subject><issn>2211-0348</issn><issn>2211-0356</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kMtOwzAQRS0EAgT9AiTkH0jwI3GSBUio4iUhsYG15TiT1iWNI09a4O9xKVSwwRt7NPfeGR9CzjhLOePqYpEu0YQmFYyXKZMp4_keORaC84TJXO3v3ll5RCaICxaPynmm-CE5EpXKZSaLYzK7MaH7oK5vwY7Or5DC--BxFQCpCUB7P1KD6K0zIzT0zY3zKLYBDMYyOHylvqUDNLEfnE18jzDS5aob3dABRdtB8OjwlBy0pkOYfN8n5OX25nl6nzw-3T1Mrx8Tm-XVmEBtKmBc1EVj65aVolAlsLwyFRe2Nq3MLauKwkBWVoJLUJkqbNW0sjGihULJE3K1zR1W9RIaC_0YTKeH4JYmfGhvnP7b6d1cz_xaK6aUKHkMkNsAG_fGAO3Oy5neoNcL_YVeb9BrJnVEH13nv8fuPD-go-ByK4D4-bWDoNE66G0EFyJ53Xj374BPYHOaOg</recordid><startdate>20180501</startdate><enddate>20180501</enddate><creator>Suleiman, Leena</creator><creator>Waubant, Emmanuelle</creator><creator>Aaen, Gregory</creator><creator>Belman, Anita</creator><creator>Benson, Leslie</creator><creator>Candee, Meghan</creator><creator>Chitnis, Tanuja</creator><creator>Gorman, Mark</creator><creator>Goyal, Manu</creator><creator>Greenberg, Benjamin</creator><creator>Harris, Yolanda</creator><creator>Hart, Janace</creator><creator>Kahn, Ilana</creator><creator>Krupp, Lauren</creator><creator>Lotze, Timothy</creator><creator>Mar, Soe</creator><creator>Moodley, Manikum</creator><creator>Ness, Jayne</creator><creator>Nourbakhsh, Bardia</creator><creator>Rensel, Mary</creator><creator>Rodriguez, Moses</creator><creator>Rose, John</creator><creator>Rubin, Jennifer</creator><creator>Schreiner, Teri</creator><creator>Tillema, Jan-Mendelt</creator><creator>Waldman, Amy</creator><creator>Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca</creator><creator>Casper, T. Charles</creator><creator>Waltz, Michael</creator><creator>Graves, Jennifer S.</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1391-4496</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20180501</creationdate><title>Early infectious exposures are not associated with increased risk of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis</title><author>Suleiman, Leena ; Waubant, Emmanuelle ; Aaen, Gregory ; Belman, Anita ; Benson, Leslie ; Candee, Meghan ; Chitnis, Tanuja ; Gorman, Mark ; Goyal, Manu ; Greenberg, Benjamin ; Harris, Yolanda ; Hart, Janace ; Kahn, Ilana ; Krupp, Lauren ; Lotze, Timothy ; Mar, Soe ; Moodley, Manikum ; Ness, Jayne ; Nourbakhsh, Bardia ; Rensel, Mary ; Rodriguez, Moses ; Rose, John ; Rubin, Jennifer ; Schreiner, Teri ; Tillema, Jan-Mendelt ; Waldman, Amy ; Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca ; Casper, T. Charles ; Waltz, Michael ; Graves, Jennifer S.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c459t-eba9e012b7dcbf082768e059a912cbaf35c0977ae489213e6467c9df3da2fe763</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Age of Onset</topic><topic>Case-Control Studies</topic><topic>Childhood infection</topic><topic>Communicable Diseases - epidemiology</topic><topic>Environmental Exposure</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Logistic Models</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Multiple sclerosis</topic><topic>Multiple Sclerosis - epidemiology</topic><topic>Multivariate Analysis</topic><topic>Neonatal exposure</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>United States</topic><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Suleiman, Leena</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Waubant, Emmanuelle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aaen, Gregory</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Belman, Anita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Benson, Leslie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Candee, Meghan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chitnis, Tanuja</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gorman, Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goyal, Manu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Greenberg, Benjamin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Harris, Yolanda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hart, Janace</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kahn, Ilana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krupp, Lauren</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lotze, Timothy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mar, Soe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moodley, Manikum</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ness, Jayne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nourbakhsh, Bardia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rensel, Mary</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rodriguez, Moses</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rose, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rubin, Jennifer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schreiner, Teri</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tillema, Jan-Mendelt</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Waldman, Amy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Casper, T. Charles</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Waltz, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Graves, Jennifer S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>on behalf of the Network of Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Centers</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Network of Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Centers</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Multiple sclerosis and related disorders</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Suleiman, Leena</au><au>Waubant, Emmanuelle</au><au>Aaen, Gregory</au><au>Belman, Anita</au><au>Benson, Leslie</au><au>Candee, Meghan</au><au>Chitnis, Tanuja</au><au>Gorman, Mark</au><au>Goyal, Manu</au><au>Greenberg, Benjamin</au><au>Harris, Yolanda</au><au>Hart, Janace</au><au>Kahn, Ilana</au><au>Krupp, Lauren</au><au>Lotze, Timothy</au><au>Mar, Soe</au><au>Moodley, Manikum</au><au>Ness, Jayne</au><au>Nourbakhsh, Bardia</au><au>Rensel, Mary</au><au>Rodriguez, Moses</au><au>Rose, John</au><au>Rubin, Jennifer</au><au>Schreiner, Teri</au><au>Tillema, Jan-Mendelt</au><au>Waldman, Amy</au><au>Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca</au><au>Casper, T. Charles</au><au>Waltz, Michael</au><au>Graves, Jennifer S.</au><aucorp>on behalf of the Network of Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Centers</aucorp><aucorp>Network of Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Centers</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Early infectious exposures are not associated with increased risk of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis</atitle><jtitle>Multiple sclerosis and related disorders</jtitle><addtitle>Mult Scler Relat Disord</addtitle><date>2018-05-01</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>22</volume><spage>103</spage><epage>107</epage><pages>103-107</pages><issn>2211-0348</issn><eissn>2211-0356</eissn><abstract>We sought to determine if early infectious exposures such as daycare, early use of antibiotics, vaccinations and other germ exposures including pacifier use and playing on grass are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) risk in children.
This was a case-control study of children with MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and healthy controls enrolled at sixteen clinics participating in the US Network of Pediatric MS Centers. Parents completed a comprehensive environmental questionnaire that captured early infectious exposures, habits, and illnesses in the first five years of life. A panel of at least two pediatric MS specialists confirmed diagnosis of participants. Association of early infectious variables with diagnosis was assessed via multivariable logistic regression analyses, adjusting for age, sex, race, ethnicity, US birth region, and socioeconomic status (SES).
Questionnaire responses for 326 eligible cases (mean age 14.9, 63.5% girls) and 506 healthy pediatric subjects (mean age 14.4, 56.9% girls) were included in analyses. History of flu with high fever before age five (p = 0.01), playing outside in grass and use of special products to treat head lice or scabies (p = 0.04) were associated with increased risk of MS in unadjusted analyses. In the multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, and mother's highest educational attainment, these results were not statistically significant. Notably, antibiotic use (p = 0.22) and regular daycare attendance before age 6 (p = 0.09) were not associated with odds of developing MS.
Early infectious factors investigated in this study were not associated with MS risk.
•Parents of children with MS completed a detailed questionnaire of early life exposures.•Early flu-like illness and playing on grass were associated with increased risk of MS.•This difference did not reach statistical significance in multivariable models.•Early infectious exposures do not appear to significantly alter risk of pediatric MS.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>29653437</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.msard.2018.03.015</doi><tpages>5</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1391-4496</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2018-05, Vol.22, p.103-107 |
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| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_6066281 |
| source | MEDLINE; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Adolescent Age of Onset Case-Control Studies Childhood infection Communicable Diseases - epidemiology Environmental Exposure Epidemiology Female Humans Logistic Models Male Multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis - epidemiology Multivariate Analysis Neonatal exposure Risk Factors United States |
| title | Early infectious exposures are not associated with increased risk of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis |
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