Monarch Larvae Sensitivity to Bacillus thuringiensis-Purified Proteins and Pollen
Laboratory tests were conducted to establish the relative toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins and pollen from Bt corn to monarch larvae. Toxins tested included Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry9C, and Cry1F. Three methods were used: (i) purified toxins incorporated into artificial diet, (ii) pollen col...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS 2001-10, Vol.98 (21), p.11925-11930 |
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| container_title | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS |
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| creator | Hellmich, Richard L. Siegfried, Blair D. Sears, Mark K. Stanley-Horn, Diane E. Daniels, Michael J. Mattila, Heather R. Spencer, Terrence Bidne, Keith G. Lewis, Leslie C. |
| description | Laboratory tests were conducted to establish the relative toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins and pollen from Bt corn to monarch larvae. Toxins tested included Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry9C, and Cry1F. Three methods were used: (i) purified toxins incorporated into artificial diet, (ii) pollen collected from Bt corn hybrids applied directly to milkweed leaf discs, and (iii) Bt pollen contaminated with corn tassel material applied directly to milkweed leaf discs. Bioassays of purified Bt toxins indicate that Cry9C and Cry1F proteins are relatively nontoxic to monarch first instars, whereas first instars are sensitive to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac proteins. Older instars were 12 to 23 times less susceptible to Cry1Ab toxin compared with first instars. Pollen bioassays suggest that pollen contaminants, an artifact of pollen processing, can dramatically influence larval survival and weight gains and produce spurious results. The only transgenic corn pollen that consistently affected monarch larvae was from Cry1Ab event 176 hybrids, currently |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1073/pnas.211297698 |
| format | Article |
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Toxins tested included Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry9C, and Cry1F. Three methods were used: (i) purified toxins incorporated into artificial diet, (ii) pollen collected from Bt corn hybrids applied directly to milkweed leaf discs, and (iii) Bt pollen contaminated with corn tassel material applied directly to milkweed leaf discs. Bioassays of purified Bt toxins indicate that Cry9C and Cry1F proteins are relatively nontoxic to monarch first instars, whereas first instars are sensitive to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac proteins. Older instars were 12 to 23 times less susceptible to Cry1Ab toxin compared with first instars. Pollen bioassays suggest that pollen contaminants, an artifact of pollen processing, can dramatically influence larval survival and weight gains and produce spurious results. The only transgenic corn pollen that consistently affected monarch larvae was from Cry1Ab event 176 hybrids, currently <2% corn planted and for which re-registration has not been applied. Results from the other types of Bt corn suggest that pollen from the Cry1Ab (events Bt11 and Mon810) and Cry1F, and experimental Cry9C hybrids, will have no acute effects on monarch butterfly larvae in field settings.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0027-8424</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1091-6490</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1073/pnas.211297698</identifier><identifier>PMID: 11559841</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: National Academy of Sciences</publisher><subject>Animals ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; Bacterial Proteins - isolation & purification ; Bacterial Proteins - pharmacology ; Bacterial Toxins - isolation & purification ; Bacterial Toxins - pharmacology ; Bioassay ; Biological Assay ; Biological Sciences ; Butterflies & moths ; Butterflies - drug effects ; Corn ; Danaus plexippus ; Endotoxins - isolation & purification ; Endotoxins - pharmacology ; Female ; Genetically altered foods ; Hemolysin Proteins ; Hybridity ; Insect larvae ; Insecticides - isolation & purification ; Insecticides - pharmacology ; Instars ; Larva ; Larvae ; Larval development ; Nymphalidae ; Pest Control, Biological - methods ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Pollen ; Proteins ; Toxicity ; Toxins ; Weight gain ; Zea mays</subject><ispartof>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS, 2001-10, Vol.98 (21), p.11925-11930</ispartof><rights>Copyright 1993-2001 National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</rights><rights>Copyright National Academy of Sciences Oct 9, 2001</rights><rights>Copyright © 2001, The National Academy of Sciences 2001</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c520t-57d0570c242591026b57c4c65b05ec7809f5b4adc17cd57302211a209abe8d543</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c520t-57d0570c242591026b57c4c65b05ec7809f5b4adc17cd57302211a209abe8d543</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Uhttp://www.pnas.org/content/98/21.cover.gif</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3056825$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/3056825$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,799,881,27901,27902,53766,53768,57992,58225</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11559841$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hellmich, Richard L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siegfried, Blair D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sears, Mark K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stanley-Horn, Diane E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Daniels, Michael J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mattila, Heather R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Spencer, Terrence</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bidne, Keith G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lewis, Leslie C.</creatorcontrib><title>Monarch Larvae Sensitivity to Bacillus thuringiensis-Purified Proteins and Pollen</title><title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS</title><addtitle>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</addtitle><description>Laboratory tests were conducted to establish the relative toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins and pollen from Bt corn to monarch larvae. Toxins tested included Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry9C, and Cry1F. Three methods were used: (i) purified toxins incorporated into artificial diet, (ii) pollen collected from Bt corn hybrids applied directly to milkweed leaf discs, and (iii) Bt pollen contaminated with corn tassel material applied directly to milkweed leaf discs. Bioassays of purified Bt toxins indicate that Cry9C and Cry1F proteins are relatively nontoxic to monarch first instars, whereas first instars are sensitive to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac proteins. Older instars were 12 to 23 times less susceptible to Cry1Ab toxin compared with first instars. Pollen bioassays suggest that pollen contaminants, an artifact of pollen processing, can dramatically influence larval survival and weight gains and produce spurious results. The only transgenic corn pollen that consistently affected monarch larvae was from Cry1Ab event 176 hybrids, currently <2% corn planted and for which re-registration has not been applied. Results from the other types of Bt corn suggest that pollen from the Cry1Ab (events Bt11 and Mon810) and Cry1F, and experimental Cry9C hybrids, will have no acute effects on monarch butterfly larvae in field settings.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Bacillus thuringiensis</subject><subject>Bacterial Proteins - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Bacterial Proteins - pharmacology</subject><subject>Bacterial Toxins - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Bacterial Toxins - pharmacology</subject><subject>Bioassay</subject><subject>Biological Assay</subject><subject>Biological Sciences</subject><subject>Butterflies & moths</subject><subject>Butterflies - drug effects</subject><subject>Corn</subject><subject>Danaus plexippus</subject><subject>Endotoxins - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Endotoxins - pharmacology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Genetically altered foods</subject><subject>Hemolysin Proteins</subject><subject>Hybridity</subject><subject>Insect larvae</subject><subject>Insecticides - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Insecticides - pharmacology</subject><subject>Instars</subject><subject>Larva</subject><subject>Larvae</subject><subject>Larval development</subject><subject>Nymphalidae</subject><subject>Pest Control, Biological - methods</subject><subject>Plants, Genetically Modified</subject><subject>Pollen</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><subject>Toxins</subject><subject>Weight gain</subject><subject>Zea mays</subject><issn>0027-8424</issn><issn>1091-6490</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2001</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kc2P0zAQxS0EYrsLV04Ioj0gLiljx45jiQus-JKKWAScLcdxtq5cu9hOxf73OGopHwdOo9H7vacZPYQeYVhi4M2LnVdpSTAmgreiu4MWGASuWyrgLloAEF53lNAzdJ7SBgAE6-A-OsOYMdFRvECfPwavol5XKxX3ylRfjE82273Nt1UO1WulrXNTqvJ6itbf2FlO9XVZRmuG6jqGbKxPlfJlCc4Z_wDdG5VL5uFxXqBvb998vXpfrz69-3D1alVrRiDXjA_AOGhCCRMYSNszrqluWQ_MaN6BGFlP1aAx1wPjDZDypSIgVG-6gdHmAr085O6mfmsGbXyOysldtFsVb2VQVv6teLuWN2EvmeB0tj872mP4PpmU5dYmbZxT3oQpSdw1DReCFfDyH3ATpujLa5IAblpGYU5bHiAdQ0rRjKc7MMi5KDkXJU9FFcOTP6__jR-bKcDzIzAbf8miKxkFEoTJcXIumx-5oE__jxbi8YHYpBziCWmAtV2RfwIbwLEr</recordid><startdate>20011009</startdate><enddate>20011009</enddate><creator>Hellmich, Richard L.</creator><creator>Siegfried, Blair D.</creator><creator>Sears, Mark K.</creator><creator>Stanley-Horn, Diane E.</creator><creator>Daniels, Michael J.</creator><creator>Mattila, Heather R.</creator><creator>Spencer, Terrence</creator><creator>Bidne, Keith G.</creator><creator>Lewis, Leslie C.</creator><general>National Academy of Sciences</general><general>National Acad Sciences</general><general>The National Academy of Sciences</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7TO</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20011009</creationdate><title>Monarch Larvae Sensitivity to Bacillus thuringiensis-Purified Proteins and Pollen</title><author>Hellmich, Richard L. ; 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Toxins tested included Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry9C, and Cry1F. Three methods were used: (i) purified toxins incorporated into artificial diet, (ii) pollen collected from Bt corn hybrids applied directly to milkweed leaf discs, and (iii) Bt pollen contaminated with corn tassel material applied directly to milkweed leaf discs. Bioassays of purified Bt toxins indicate that Cry9C and Cry1F proteins are relatively nontoxic to monarch first instars, whereas first instars are sensitive to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac proteins. Older instars were 12 to 23 times less susceptible to Cry1Ab toxin compared with first instars. Pollen bioassays suggest that pollen contaminants, an artifact of pollen processing, can dramatically influence larval survival and weight gains and produce spurious results. The only transgenic corn pollen that consistently affected monarch larvae was from Cry1Ab event 176 hybrids, currently <2% corn planted and for which re-registration has not been applied. Results from the other types of Bt corn suggest that pollen from the Cry1Ab (events Bt11 and Mon810) and Cry1F, and experimental Cry9C hybrids, will have no acute effects on monarch butterfly larvae in field settings.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>National Academy of Sciences</pub><pmid>11559841</pmid><doi>10.1073/pnas.211297698</doi><tpages>6</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animals Bacillus thuringiensis Bacterial Proteins - isolation & purification Bacterial Proteins - pharmacology Bacterial Toxins - isolation & purification Bacterial Toxins - pharmacology Bioassay Biological Assay Biological Sciences Butterflies & moths Butterflies - drug effects Corn Danaus plexippus Endotoxins - isolation & purification Endotoxins - pharmacology Female Genetically altered foods Hemolysin Proteins Hybridity Insect larvae Insecticides - isolation & purification Insecticides - pharmacology Instars Larva Larvae Larval development Nymphalidae Pest Control, Biological - methods Plants, Genetically Modified Pollen Proteins Toxicity Toxins Weight gain Zea mays |
| title | Monarch Larvae Sensitivity to Bacillus thuringiensis-Purified Proteins and Pollen |
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