Nonhuman primate models of human viral infections

Humans have a close phylogenetic relationship with nonhuman primates (NHPs) and share many physiological parallels, such as highly similar immune systems, with them. Importantly, NHPs can be infected with many human or related simian viruses. In many cases, viruses replicate in the same cell types a...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:Nature reviews. Immunology 2018-06, Vol.18 (6), p.390-404
Hauptverfasser: Estes, Jacob D., Wong, Scott W., Brenchley, Jason M.
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
Schlagworte:
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
container_end_page 404
container_issue 6
container_start_page 390
container_title Nature reviews. Immunology
container_volume 18
creator Estes, Jacob D.
Wong, Scott W.
Brenchley, Jason M.
description Humans have a close phylogenetic relationship with nonhuman primates (NHPs) and share many physiological parallels, such as highly similar immune systems, with them. Importantly, NHPs can be infected with many human or related simian viruses. In many cases, viruses replicate in the same cell types as in humans, and infections are often associated with the same pathologies. In addition, many reagents that are used to study the human immune response cross-react with NHP molecules. As such, NHPs are often used as models to study viral vaccine efficacy and antiviral therapeutic safety and efficacy and to understand aspects of viral pathogenesis. With several emerging viral infections becoming epidemic, NHPs are proving to be a very beneficial benchmark for investigating human viral infections. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are increasingly used as models of human viral infections. Here, Estes and colleagues introduce different NHP models, summarize the similarities and differences between human and NHP immune systems and discuss important examples of human viruses that can be modelled in NHPs.
doi_str_mv 10.1038/s41577-018-0005-7
format Article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>gale_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_5970954</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A572622357</galeid><sourcerecordid>A572622357</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c696t-69fce3afec940ff9057eeeddc5feb5a6750edb1c907f6bf62b2b0c7a65ce02ed3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kl1rFTEQhhex2Fr9Ad7IgiB6sXXyffZGKEVtoSj4cR2y2ck5KbtJ3eyW9t-b062nXVHJRcLM804mk7coXhA4IsBW7xInQqkKyKoCAFGpR8UB4YpXRHHyeHdmbL94mtIFAJE586TYp7UQEog6KMjnGDZTb0J5OfjejFj2scUuldGVc_zKD6YrfXBoRx9DelbsOdMlfH63HxY_Pn74fnJanX_5dHZyfF5ZWcuxkrWzyExW1Rycq0EoRGxbKxw2wkglANuG2BqUk42TtKENWGWksAgUW3ZYvJ_rXk5Nj63FMOZG9G2bw42OxutlJviNXscrLWoFteC5wJu7AkP8OWEade-Txa4zAeOUNAUiVkwBkxl99Qd6Each5OdpRjjLw6Y1_R9FgWeMcgb31Np0qPPcYu7Obq_Wx0JRSSkTKlNHf6HyarH3NgZ0PscXgrcLQWZGvB7XZkpJn337umRfP2A3aLpxk2I33f7fEiQzaIeY0oBuN14CemsxPVtMZ4vprcX0VvPy4b_sFL89lQE6AymnwhqH-zH9u-ovGHfY0g</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2044312430</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Nonhuman primate models of human viral infections</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Nature</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Estes, Jacob D. ; Wong, Scott W. ; Brenchley, Jason M.</creator><creatorcontrib>Estes, Jacob D. ; Wong, Scott W. ; Brenchley, Jason M.</creatorcontrib><description>Humans have a close phylogenetic relationship with nonhuman primates (NHPs) and share many physiological parallels, such as highly similar immune systems, with them. Importantly, NHPs can be infected with many human or related simian viruses. In many cases, viruses replicate in the same cell types as in humans, and infections are often associated with the same pathologies. In addition, many reagents that are used to study the human immune response cross-react with NHP molecules. As such, NHPs are often used as models to study viral vaccine efficacy and antiviral therapeutic safety and efficacy and to understand aspects of viral pathogenesis. With several emerging viral infections becoming epidemic, NHPs are proving to be a very beneficial benchmark for investigating human viral infections. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are increasingly used as models of human viral infections. Here, Estes and colleagues introduce different NHP models, summarize the similarities and differences between human and NHP immune systems and discuss important examples of human viruses that can be modelled in NHPs.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1474-1733</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1474-1741</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1474-1741</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0005-7</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29556017</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher><subject>13/31 ; 14/63 ; 631/1647/767/1972 ; 631/250/255 ; Animal Experimentation - ethics ; Animal models ; Animal research models ; Animals ; Antiviral agents ; B cells ; Benchmarking ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biomedicine ; Cercopithecidae - genetics ; Cercopithecidae - immunology ; Cercopithecidae - virology ; Disease Models, Animal ; DNA Virus Infections - genetics ; DNA Virus Infections - immunology ; DNA Virus Infections - virology ; Epidemics ; Health aspects ; Hominidae - genetics ; Hominidae - immunology ; Hominidae - virology ; Human behavior ; Humans ; Immune response ; Immune system ; Immunology ; Infection ; Infections ; Medical research ; Methods ; Models, Immunological ; Molecular chains ; Monkeys ; Phylogeny ; Physiological aspects ; Platyrrhini - genetics ; Platyrrhini - immunology ; Platyrrhini - virology ; Primates ; Primates - genetics ; Primates - immunology ; Primates - virology ; Reagents ; Review Article ; RNA Virus Infections - genetics ; RNA Virus Infections - immunology ; RNA Virus Infections - virology ; Species Specificity ; Vaccine efficacy ; Vaccines ; Viral infections ; Viral research ; Virus diseases ; Virus Diseases - genetics ; Virus Diseases - immunology ; Virus Diseases - virology ; Viruses</subject><ispartof>Nature reviews. Immunology, 2018-06, Vol.18 (6), p.390-404</ispartof><rights>Macmillan Publishers Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2018</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2018 Nature Publishing Group</rights><rights>Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jun 2018</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c696t-69fce3afec940ff9057eeeddc5feb5a6750edb1c907f6bf62b2b0c7a65ce02ed3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c696t-69fce3afec940ff9057eeeddc5feb5a6750edb1c907f6bf62b2b0c7a65ce02ed3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29556017$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Estes, Jacob D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wong, Scott W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brenchley, Jason M.</creatorcontrib><title>Nonhuman primate models of human viral infections</title><title>Nature reviews. Immunology</title><addtitle>Nat Rev Immunol</addtitle><addtitle>Nat Rev Immunol</addtitle><description>Humans have a close phylogenetic relationship with nonhuman primates (NHPs) and share many physiological parallels, such as highly similar immune systems, with them. Importantly, NHPs can be infected with many human or related simian viruses. In many cases, viruses replicate in the same cell types as in humans, and infections are often associated with the same pathologies. In addition, many reagents that are used to study the human immune response cross-react with NHP molecules. As such, NHPs are often used as models to study viral vaccine efficacy and antiviral therapeutic safety and efficacy and to understand aspects of viral pathogenesis. With several emerging viral infections becoming epidemic, NHPs are proving to be a very beneficial benchmark for investigating human viral infections. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are increasingly used as models of human viral infections. Here, Estes and colleagues introduce different NHP models, summarize the similarities and differences between human and NHP immune systems and discuss important examples of human viruses that can be modelled in NHPs.</description><subject>13/31</subject><subject>14/63</subject><subject>631/1647/767/1972</subject><subject>631/250/255</subject><subject>Animal Experimentation - ethics</subject><subject>Animal models</subject><subject>Animal research models</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antiviral agents</subject><subject>B cells</subject><subject>Benchmarking</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedicine</subject><subject>Cercopithecidae - genetics</subject><subject>Cercopithecidae - immunology</subject><subject>Cercopithecidae - virology</subject><subject>Disease Models, Animal</subject><subject>DNA Virus Infections - genetics</subject><subject>DNA Virus Infections - immunology</subject><subject>DNA Virus Infections - virology</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Hominidae - genetics</subject><subject>Hominidae - immunology</subject><subject>Hominidae - virology</subject><subject>Human behavior</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immune response</subject><subject>Immune system</subject><subject>Immunology</subject><subject>Infection</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Models, Immunological</subject><subject>Molecular chains</subject><subject>Monkeys</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Platyrrhini - genetics</subject><subject>Platyrrhini - immunology</subject><subject>Platyrrhini - virology</subject><subject>Primates</subject><subject>Primates - genetics</subject><subject>Primates - immunology</subject><subject>Primates - virology</subject><subject>Reagents</subject><subject>Review Article</subject><subject>RNA Virus Infections - genetics</subject><subject>RNA Virus Infections - immunology</subject><subject>RNA Virus Infections - virology</subject><subject>Species Specificity</subject><subject>Vaccine efficacy</subject><subject>Vaccines</subject><subject>Viral infections</subject><subject>Viral research</subject><subject>Virus diseases</subject><subject>Virus Diseases - genetics</subject><subject>Virus Diseases - immunology</subject><subject>Virus Diseases - virology</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><issn>1474-1733</issn><issn>1474-1741</issn><issn>1474-1741</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kl1rFTEQhhex2Fr9Ad7IgiB6sXXyffZGKEVtoSj4cR2y2ck5KbtJ3eyW9t-b062nXVHJRcLM804mk7coXhA4IsBW7xInQqkKyKoCAFGpR8UB4YpXRHHyeHdmbL94mtIFAJE586TYp7UQEog6KMjnGDZTb0J5OfjejFj2scUuldGVc_zKD6YrfXBoRx9DelbsOdMlfH63HxY_Pn74fnJanX_5dHZyfF5ZWcuxkrWzyExW1Rycq0EoRGxbKxw2wkglANuG2BqUk42TtKENWGWksAgUW3ZYvJ_rXk5Nj63FMOZG9G2bw42OxutlJviNXscrLWoFteC5wJu7AkP8OWEade-Txa4zAeOUNAUiVkwBkxl99Qd6Each5OdpRjjLw6Y1_R9FgWeMcgb31Np0qPPcYu7Obq_Wx0JRSSkTKlNHf6HyarH3NgZ0PscXgrcLQWZGvB7XZkpJn337umRfP2A3aLpxk2I33f7fEiQzaIeY0oBuN14CemsxPVtMZ4vprcX0VvPy4b_sFL89lQE6AymnwhqH-zH9u-ovGHfY0g</recordid><startdate>20180601</startdate><enddate>20180601</enddate><creator>Estes, Jacob D.</creator><creator>Wong, Scott W.</creator><creator>Brenchley, Jason M.</creator><general>Nature Publishing Group UK</general><general>Nature Publishing Group</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20180601</creationdate><title>Nonhuman primate models of human viral infections</title><author>Estes, Jacob D. ; Wong, Scott W. ; Brenchley, Jason M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c696t-69fce3afec940ff9057eeeddc5feb5a6750edb1c907f6bf62b2b0c7a65ce02ed3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>13/31</topic><topic>14/63</topic><topic>631/1647/767/1972</topic><topic>631/250/255</topic><topic>Animal Experimentation - ethics</topic><topic>Animal models</topic><topic>Animal research models</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antiviral agents</topic><topic>B cells</topic><topic>Benchmarking</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomedicine</topic><topic>Cercopithecidae - genetics</topic><topic>Cercopithecidae - immunology</topic><topic>Cercopithecidae - virology</topic><topic>Disease Models, Animal</topic><topic>DNA Virus Infections - genetics</topic><topic>DNA Virus Infections - immunology</topic><topic>DNA Virus Infections - virology</topic><topic>Epidemics</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Hominidae - genetics</topic><topic>Hominidae - immunology</topic><topic>Hominidae - virology</topic><topic>Human behavior</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Immune response</topic><topic>Immune system</topic><topic>Immunology</topic><topic>Infection</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Medical research</topic><topic>Methods</topic><topic>Models, Immunological</topic><topic>Molecular chains</topic><topic>Monkeys</topic><topic>Phylogeny</topic><topic>Physiological aspects</topic><topic>Platyrrhini - genetics</topic><topic>Platyrrhini - immunology</topic><topic>Platyrrhini - virology</topic><topic>Primates</topic><topic>Primates - genetics</topic><topic>Primates - immunology</topic><topic>Primates - virology</topic><topic>Reagents</topic><topic>Review Article</topic><topic>RNA Virus Infections - genetics</topic><topic>RNA Virus Infections - immunology</topic><topic>RNA Virus Infections - virology</topic><topic>Species Specificity</topic><topic>Vaccine efficacy</topic><topic>Vaccines</topic><topic>Viral infections</topic><topic>Viral research</topic><topic>Virus diseases</topic><topic>Virus Diseases - genetics</topic><topic>Virus Diseases - immunology</topic><topic>Virus Diseases - virology</topic><topic>Viruses</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Estes, Jacob D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wong, Scott W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brenchley, Jason M.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing &amp; Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health &amp; Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing &amp; Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing &amp; Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Nature reviews. Immunology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Estes, Jacob D.</au><au>Wong, Scott W.</au><au>Brenchley, Jason M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Nonhuman primate models of human viral infections</atitle><jtitle>Nature reviews. Immunology</jtitle><stitle>Nat Rev Immunol</stitle><addtitle>Nat Rev Immunol</addtitle><date>2018-06-01</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>18</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>390</spage><epage>404</epage><pages>390-404</pages><issn>1474-1733</issn><issn>1474-1741</issn><eissn>1474-1741</eissn><abstract>Humans have a close phylogenetic relationship with nonhuman primates (NHPs) and share many physiological parallels, such as highly similar immune systems, with them. Importantly, NHPs can be infected with many human or related simian viruses. In many cases, viruses replicate in the same cell types as in humans, and infections are often associated with the same pathologies. In addition, many reagents that are used to study the human immune response cross-react with NHP molecules. As such, NHPs are often used as models to study viral vaccine efficacy and antiviral therapeutic safety and efficacy and to understand aspects of viral pathogenesis. With several emerging viral infections becoming epidemic, NHPs are proving to be a very beneficial benchmark for investigating human viral infections. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are increasingly used as models of human viral infections. Here, Estes and colleagues introduce different NHP models, summarize the similarities and differences between human and NHP immune systems and discuss important examples of human viruses that can be modelled in NHPs.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group UK</pub><pmid>29556017</pmid><doi>10.1038/s41577-018-0005-7</doi><tpages>15</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 1474-1733
ispartof Nature reviews. Immunology, 2018-06, Vol.18 (6), p.390-404
issn 1474-1733
1474-1741
1474-1741
language eng
recordid cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_5970954
source MEDLINE; Nature; Alma/SFX Local Collection
subjects 13/31
14/63
631/1647/767/1972
631/250/255
Animal Experimentation - ethics
Animal models
Animal research models
Animals
Antiviral agents
B cells
Benchmarking
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
Cercopithecidae - genetics
Cercopithecidae - immunology
Cercopithecidae - virology
Disease Models, Animal
DNA Virus Infections - genetics
DNA Virus Infections - immunology
DNA Virus Infections - virology
Epidemics
Health aspects
Hominidae - genetics
Hominidae - immunology
Hominidae - virology
Human behavior
Humans
Immune response
Immune system
Immunology
Infection
Infections
Medical research
Methods
Models, Immunological
Molecular chains
Monkeys
Phylogeny
Physiological aspects
Platyrrhini - genetics
Platyrrhini - immunology
Platyrrhini - virology
Primates
Primates - genetics
Primates - immunology
Primates - virology
Reagents
Review Article
RNA Virus Infections - genetics
RNA Virus Infections - immunology
RNA Virus Infections - virology
Species Specificity
Vaccine efficacy
Vaccines
Viral infections
Viral research
Virus diseases
Virus Diseases - genetics
Virus Diseases - immunology
Virus Diseases - virology
Viruses
title Nonhuman primate models of human viral infections
url https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-19T15%3A28%3A36IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nonhuman%20primate%20models%20of%20human%20viral%20infections&rft.jtitle=Nature%20reviews.%20Immunology&rft.au=Estes,%20Jacob%20D.&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.spage=390&rft.epage=404&rft.pages=390-404&rft.issn=1474-1733&rft.eissn=1474-1741&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038/s41577-018-0005-7&rft_dat=%3Cgale_pubme%3EA572622357%3C/gale_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2044312430&rft_id=info:pmid/29556017&rft_galeid=A572622357&rfr_iscdi=true