Recognizing Gynecological Cancer in Primary Care: Risk Factors, Red Flags, and Referrals
Early diagnosis of symptomatic gynecological cancer is likely to improve patient outcomes, including survival. The primary care practitioner has a key role to play in this—they must recognize the symptoms and signs of gynecological cancer and make prompt evidence-based decisions regarding further in...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Advances in therapy 2018-04, Vol.35 (4), p.577-589 |
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description | Early diagnosis of symptomatic gynecological cancer is likely to improve patient outcomes, including survival. The primary care practitioner has a key role to play in this—they must recognize the symptoms and signs of gynecological cancer and make prompt evidence-based decisions regarding further investigation and referral. However, this is often difficult as many of the symptoms of gynecological cancers are nonspecific and are more likely to be caused by benign rather than malignant disease. As primary care is generally the first point of patient contact, those working in this setting usually encounter cancer patients at an earlier, and possibly less symptomatic, stage than practitioners in secondary care. Despite these challenges, research has improved our understanding of the symptoms patients present to primary care with, and a range of tests and referral pathways now exist in the UK and other countries to aid early diagnosis. Primary care practitioners can also play a key role in gynecological cancer prevention. A significant proportion of gynecological cancer is preventable either through lifestyle changes such as weight loss, or, for cervical cancer, vaccination and/or engagement with screening programs. Primary care provides an excellent opportunity to discuss cancer risk with patients and to promote risk reduction strategies and lifestyle change. In this article, the first in a series discussing cancer detection in primary care, we concentrate on gynecological cancer and focus on the three most common forms that a primary care practitioner is likely to encounter: ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancer. We outline key risk factors, briefly discuss prevention and screening strategies, and offer practical guidance on the recognition of symptoms and signs and the investigation and referral of women with suspected cancer. While this article is written from a UK primary care perspective, much of what is discussed will be of relevance to those working in other healthcare systems. |
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J. ; Hamilton, Willie ; Crosbie, Emma J.</creator><creatorcontrib>Funston, Garth ; O’Flynn, Helena ; Ryan, Neil A. J. ; Hamilton, Willie ; Crosbie, Emma J.</creatorcontrib><description>Early diagnosis of symptomatic gynecological cancer is likely to improve patient outcomes, including survival. The primary care practitioner has a key role to play in this—they must recognize the symptoms and signs of gynecological cancer and make prompt evidence-based decisions regarding further investigation and referral. However, this is often difficult as many of the symptoms of gynecological cancers are nonspecific and are more likely to be caused by benign rather than malignant disease. As primary care is generally the first point of patient contact, those working in this setting usually encounter cancer patients at an earlier, and possibly less symptomatic, stage than practitioners in secondary care. Despite these challenges, research has improved our understanding of the symptoms patients present to primary care with, and a range of tests and referral pathways now exist in the UK and other countries to aid early diagnosis. Primary care practitioners can also play a key role in gynecological cancer prevention. A significant proportion of gynecological cancer is preventable either through lifestyle changes such as weight loss, or, for cervical cancer, vaccination and/or engagement with screening programs. Primary care provides an excellent opportunity to discuss cancer risk with patients and to promote risk reduction strategies and lifestyle change. In this article, the first in a series discussing cancer detection in primary care, we concentrate on gynecological cancer and focus on the three most common forms that a primary care practitioner is likely to encounter: ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancer. We outline key risk factors, briefly discuss prevention and screening strategies, and offer practical guidance on the recognition of symptoms and signs and the investigation and referral of women with suspected cancer. While this article is written from a UK primary care perspective, much of what is discussed will be of relevance to those working in other healthcare systems.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0741-238X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1865-8652</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s12325-018-0683-3</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29516408</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cheshire: Springer Healthcare</publisher><subject><![CDATA[Cardiology ; Endocrinology ; Endometrial Neoplasms - diagnosis ; Endometrial Neoplasms - prevention & control ; Female ; Genital Neoplasms, Female - diagnosis ; Genital Neoplasms, Female - prevention & control ; Humans ; Internal Medicine ; Life Style ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Oncology ; Ovarian Neoplasms - diagnosis ; Ovarian Neoplasms - prevention & control ; Pharmacology/Toxicology ; Physician's Role ; Practical Approach ; Practical Approaches to Cancer Care ; Primary Health Care - organization & administration ; Referral and Consultation - organization & administration ; Rheumatology ; Risk Factors ; United Kingdom ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - diagnosis ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - prevention & control]]></subject><ispartof>Advances in therapy, 2018-04, Vol.35 (4), p.577-589</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2018. corrected publication March 2018</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2018, corrected publication March 2018</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c442t-3d6ad304826a4c22fde21c58dcb2ec017d6d8ccf95192729617e722fed1cf81d3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c442t-3d6ad304826a4c22fde21c58dcb2ec017d6d8ccf95192729617e722fed1cf81d3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12325-018-0683-3$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12325-018-0683-3$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29516408$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Funston, Garth</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>O’Flynn, Helena</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ryan, Neil A. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hamilton, Willie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Crosbie, Emma J.</creatorcontrib><title>Recognizing Gynecological Cancer in Primary Care: Risk Factors, Red Flags, and Referrals</title><title>Advances in therapy</title><addtitle>Adv Ther</addtitle><addtitle>Adv Ther</addtitle><description>Early diagnosis of symptomatic gynecological cancer is likely to improve patient outcomes, including survival. The primary care practitioner has a key role to play in this—they must recognize the symptoms and signs of gynecological cancer and make prompt evidence-based decisions regarding further investigation and referral. However, this is often difficult as many of the symptoms of gynecological cancers are nonspecific and are more likely to be caused by benign rather than malignant disease. As primary care is generally the first point of patient contact, those working in this setting usually encounter cancer patients at an earlier, and possibly less symptomatic, stage than practitioners in secondary care. Despite these challenges, research has improved our understanding of the symptoms patients present to primary care with, and a range of tests and referral pathways now exist in the UK and other countries to aid early diagnosis. Primary care practitioners can also play a key role in gynecological cancer prevention. A significant proportion of gynecological cancer is preventable either through lifestyle changes such as weight loss, or, for cervical cancer, vaccination and/or engagement with screening programs. Primary care provides an excellent opportunity to discuss cancer risk with patients and to promote risk reduction strategies and lifestyle change. In this article, the first in a series discussing cancer detection in primary care, we concentrate on gynecological cancer and focus on the three most common forms that a primary care practitioner is likely to encounter: ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancer. We outline key risk factors, briefly discuss prevention and screening strategies, and offer practical guidance on the recognition of symptoms and signs and the investigation and referral of women with suspected cancer. While this article is written from a UK primary care perspective, much of what is discussed will be of relevance to those working in other healthcare systems.</description><subject>Cardiology</subject><subject>Endocrinology</subject><subject>Endometrial Neoplasms - diagnosis</subject><subject>Endometrial Neoplasms - prevention & control</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Genital Neoplasms, Female - diagnosis</subject><subject>Genital Neoplasms, Female - prevention & control</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Internal Medicine</subject><subject>Life Style</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Oncology</subject><subject>Ovarian Neoplasms - diagnosis</subject><subject>Ovarian Neoplasms - prevention & control</subject><subject>Pharmacology/Toxicology</subject><subject>Physician's Role</subject><subject>Practical Approach</subject><subject>Practical Approaches to Cancer Care</subject><subject>Primary Health Care - organization & administration</subject><subject>Referral and Consultation - organization & administration</subject><subject>Rheumatology</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>United Kingdom</subject><subject>Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - diagnosis</subject><subject>Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - prevention & control</subject><issn>0741-238X</issn><issn>1865-8652</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9UU1PGzEQtVARhI8fwKXaYw9d8Iz3w-mhEooaqIQEikDKzTL27NZ0Y1M7QaK_vo42ReXSw2hmPG_ePPkxdgb8HDhvLxKgwLrkIEveSFGKPTYB2dRlDvzAJrytoEQhl4fsKKUnzpG3tTxghzitoam4nLDlgkzovfvtfF9cvfrcDaF3Rg_FTHtDsXC-uItupeNrfon0pVi49LOYa7MOMX0uFmSL-aD7XGpvc9tRjHpIJ2y_y4lOd_mYPcy_3c-uy5vbq--zy5vSVBWuS2EbbQWvJDa6MoidJQRTS2sekQyH1jZWGtNlwVNscdpAS22GkQXTSbDimH0deZ83jyuyhvw6n1fPo2QVtFPvJ979UH14UfUUeNViJvi0I4jh14bSWq1cMjQM2lPYJIUcEKBqxBYKI9TEkFKk7u0McLV1RI2OqOyI2jqiRN75-K--t42_FmQAjoCUR76nqJ7CJvr8Z_9h_QNpxpcv</recordid><startdate>20180401</startdate><enddate>20180401</enddate><creator>Funston, Garth</creator><creator>O’Flynn, Helena</creator><creator>Ryan, Neil A. 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J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hamilton, Willie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Crosbie, Emma J.</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Advances in therapy</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Funston, Garth</au><au>O’Flynn, Helena</au><au>Ryan, Neil A. J.</au><au>Hamilton, Willie</au><au>Crosbie, Emma J.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Recognizing Gynecological Cancer in Primary Care: Risk Factors, Red Flags, and Referrals</atitle><jtitle>Advances in therapy</jtitle><stitle>Adv Ther</stitle><addtitle>Adv Ther</addtitle><date>2018-04-01</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>35</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>577</spage><epage>589</epage><pages>577-589</pages><issn>0741-238X</issn><eissn>1865-8652</eissn><abstract>Early diagnosis of symptomatic gynecological cancer is likely to improve patient outcomes, including survival. The primary care practitioner has a key role to play in this—they must recognize the symptoms and signs of gynecological cancer and make prompt evidence-based decisions regarding further investigation and referral. 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subjects | Cardiology Endocrinology Endometrial Neoplasms - diagnosis Endometrial Neoplasms - prevention & control Female Genital Neoplasms, Female - diagnosis Genital Neoplasms, Female - prevention & control Humans Internal Medicine Life Style Medicine Medicine & Public Health Oncology Ovarian Neoplasms - diagnosis Ovarian Neoplasms - prevention & control Pharmacology/Toxicology Physician's Role Practical Approach Practical Approaches to Cancer Care Primary Health Care - organization & administration Referral and Consultation - organization & administration Rheumatology Risk Factors United Kingdom Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - diagnosis Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - prevention & control |
title | Recognizing Gynecological Cancer in Primary Care: Risk Factors, Red Flags, and Referrals |
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