Dynamics of paediatric urogenital schistosome infection, morbidity and treatment: a longitudinal study among preschool children in Zimbabwe
BackgroundRecent research has shown that in schistosome-endemic areas preschool-aged children (PSAC), that is, ≤5 years, are at risk of infection. However, there exists a knowledge gap on the dynamics of infection and morbidity in this age group. In this study, we determined the incidence and dynami...
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| creator | Osakunor, Derick Nii Mensah Mduluza, Takafira Midzi, Nicholas Chase-Topping, Margo Mutsaka-Makuvaza, Masceline Jenipher Chimponda, Theresa Eyoh, Enwono Mduluza, Tariro Pfavayi, Lorraine Tsitsi Wami, Welcome Mkululi Amanfo, Seth Appiah Murray, Janice Tshuma, Clement Woolhouse, Mark Edward John Mutapi, Francisca |
| description | BackgroundRecent research has shown that in schistosome-endemic areas preschool-aged children (PSAC), that is, ≤5 years, are at risk of infection. However, there exists a knowledge gap on the dynamics of infection and morbidity in this age group. In this study, we determined the incidence and dynamics of the first urogenital schistosome infections, morbidity and treatment in PSAC.MethodsChildren (6 months to 5 years) were recruited and followed up for 12 months. Baseline demographics, anthropometric and parasitology data were collected from 1502 children. Urinary morbidity was assessed by haematuria and growth-related morbidity was assessed using standard WHO anthropometric indices. Children negative for Schistosoma haematobium infection were followed up quarterly to determine infection and morbidity incidence.ResultsAt baseline, the prevalence of S haematobium infection and microhaematuria was 8.5% and 8.6%, respectively. Based on different anthropometric indices, 2.2%–8.2% of children were malnourished, 10.1% underweight and 18.0% stunted. The fraction of morbidity attributable to schistosome infection was 92% for microhaematuria, 38% for stunting and malnutrition at 9%–34%, depending on indices used. S haematobium-positive children were at greater odds of presenting with microhaematuria (adjusted OR (AOR)=25.6; 95% CI 14.5 to 45.1) and stunting (AOR=1.7; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.7). Annual incidence of S haematobium infection and microhaematuria was 17.4% and 20.4%, respectively. Microhaematuria occurred within 3 months of first infection and resolved in a significant number of children, 12 weeks post-praziquantel treatment, from 42.3% to 10.3%; P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000661 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_5875666</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2021734244</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-b464t-f948be570b8250f92747be7a5d9924f986d092b436ee514e42ed2537d5341f0c3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkU9vFCEYhydGY5vaD-DFkHjx0FFg-LN4MDHVVpMmXvTihcDwzi6bAVZgNPsZ_NKybm2qJ08QeH5PXvh13VOCXxIyiFc2bNebnmIie4yxEORBd0oxV71UePXw3v6kOy9l2xgi8YF83J1QJYggTJ52P9_towl-LChNaGfAeVOzH9GS0xqir2ZGZdz4UlNJAZCPE4zVp3iBQsrWO1_3yESHagZTA8T6Ghk0p7j2dXE-HuJt05jQztAuQ7OlNKPmnF2G2Izoqw_W2B_wpHs0mbnA-e161n25ev_58kN_8-n64-Xbm94ywWo_KbaywCW2K8rxpKhk0oI03ClF2aRWwmFFLRsEACcMGAVH-SAdHxiZ8DicdW-O3t1iA7ixTZ3NrHfZB5P3Ohmv_76JfqPX6bvmK8mFEE3w4laQ07cFStXBlxHm2URIS9EUUyIHRhlr6PN_0G1acvuXRnHeKDEo2ihypMacSskw3Q1DsD60rX-3rQ9t62PbLfPs_ivuEn-6bcDFEWjZ__D9AiBSt1M</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2551736392</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Dynamics of paediatric urogenital schistosome infection, morbidity and treatment: a longitudinal study among preschool children in Zimbabwe</title><source>BMJ Open Access Journals</source><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>PubMed Central Open Access</source><creator>Osakunor, Derick Nii Mensah ; Mduluza, Takafira ; Midzi, Nicholas ; Chase-Topping, Margo ; Mutsaka-Makuvaza, Masceline Jenipher ; Chimponda, Theresa ; Eyoh, Enwono ; Mduluza, Tariro ; Pfavayi, Lorraine Tsitsi ; Wami, Welcome Mkululi ; Amanfo, Seth Appiah ; Murray, Janice ; Tshuma, Clement ; Woolhouse, Mark Edward John ; Mutapi, Francisca</creator><creatorcontrib>Osakunor, Derick Nii Mensah ; Mduluza, Takafira ; Midzi, Nicholas ; Chase-Topping, Margo ; Mutsaka-Makuvaza, Masceline Jenipher ; Chimponda, Theresa ; Eyoh, Enwono ; Mduluza, Tariro ; Pfavayi, Lorraine Tsitsi ; Wami, Welcome Mkululi ; Amanfo, Seth Appiah ; Murray, Janice ; Tshuma, Clement ; Woolhouse, Mark Edward John ; Mutapi, Francisca</creatorcontrib><description>BackgroundRecent research has shown that in schistosome-endemic areas preschool-aged children (PSAC), that is, ≤5 years, are at risk of infection. However, there exists a knowledge gap on the dynamics of infection and morbidity in this age group. In this study, we determined the incidence and dynamics of the first urogenital schistosome infections, morbidity and treatment in PSAC.MethodsChildren (6 months to 5 years) were recruited and followed up for 12 months. Baseline demographics, anthropometric and parasitology data were collected from 1502 children. Urinary morbidity was assessed by haematuria and growth-related morbidity was assessed using standard WHO anthropometric indices. Children negative for Schistosoma haematobium infection were followed up quarterly to determine infection and morbidity incidence.ResultsAt baseline, the prevalence of S haematobium infection and microhaematuria was 8.5% and 8.6%, respectively. Based on different anthropometric indices, 2.2%–8.2% of children were malnourished, 10.1% underweight and 18.0% stunted. The fraction of morbidity attributable to schistosome infection was 92% for microhaematuria, 38% for stunting and malnutrition at 9%–34%, depending on indices used. S haematobium-positive children were at greater odds of presenting with microhaematuria (adjusted OR (AOR)=25.6; 95% CI 14.5 to 45.1) and stunting (AOR=1.7; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.7). Annual incidence of S haematobium infection and microhaematuria was 17.4% and 20.4%, respectively. Microhaematuria occurred within 3 months of first infection and resolved in a significant number of children, 12 weeks post-praziquantel treatment, from 42.3% to 10.3%; P<0.001.ConclusionWe demonstrated for the first time the incidence of schistosome infection in PSAC, along with microhaematuria, which appears within 3 months of first infection and resolves after praziquantel treatment. A proportion of stunting and malnutrition is attributable to S haematobium infection. The study adds scientific evidence to the calls for inclusion of PSAC in schistosome control programmes.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2059-7908</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2059-7908</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000661</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29616147</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: BMJ Publishing Group LTD</publisher><subject>Age groups ; Children & youth ; Childrens health ; Consent ; Eggs ; Epidemiology ; Global health ; Health risks ; Hematuria ; Infections ; Longitudinal studies ; Malnutrition ; Morbidity ; Nutrition ; Parents & parenting ; Pediatrics ; Sample size ; Urine</subject><ispartof>BMJ global health, 2018-03, Vol.3 (2), p.e000661-e000661</ispartof><rights>Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.</rights><rights>2018 Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted. 2018</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b464t-f948be570b8250f92747be7a5d9924f986d092b436ee514e42ed2537d5341f0c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b464t-f948be570b8250f92747be7a5d9924f986d092b436ee514e42ed2537d5341f0c3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-4853-5384</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://gh.bmj.com/content/3/2/e000661.full.pdf$$EPDF$$P50$$Gbmj$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://gh.bmj.com/content/3/2/e000661.full$$EHTML$$P50$$Gbmj$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,27526,27527,27901,27902,53766,53768,77343,77374</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29616147$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Osakunor, Derick Nii Mensah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mduluza, Takafira</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Midzi, Nicholas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chase-Topping, Margo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mutsaka-Makuvaza, Masceline Jenipher</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chimponda, Theresa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eyoh, Enwono</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mduluza, Tariro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pfavayi, Lorraine Tsitsi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wami, Welcome Mkululi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amanfo, Seth Appiah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murray, Janice</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tshuma, Clement</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Woolhouse, Mark Edward John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mutapi, Francisca</creatorcontrib><title>Dynamics of paediatric urogenital schistosome infection, morbidity and treatment: a longitudinal study among preschool children in Zimbabwe</title><title>BMJ global health</title><addtitle>BMJ Glob Health</addtitle><description>BackgroundRecent research has shown that in schistosome-endemic areas preschool-aged children (PSAC), that is, ≤5 years, are at risk of infection. However, there exists a knowledge gap on the dynamics of infection and morbidity in this age group. In this study, we determined the incidence and dynamics of the first urogenital schistosome infections, morbidity and treatment in PSAC.MethodsChildren (6 months to 5 years) were recruited and followed up for 12 months. Baseline demographics, anthropometric and parasitology data were collected from 1502 children. Urinary morbidity was assessed by haematuria and growth-related morbidity was assessed using standard WHO anthropometric indices. Children negative for Schistosoma haematobium infection were followed up quarterly to determine infection and morbidity incidence.ResultsAt baseline, the prevalence of S haematobium infection and microhaematuria was 8.5% and 8.6%, respectively. Based on different anthropometric indices, 2.2%–8.2% of children were malnourished, 10.1% underweight and 18.0% stunted. The fraction of morbidity attributable to schistosome infection was 92% for microhaematuria, 38% for stunting and malnutrition at 9%–34%, depending on indices used. S haematobium-positive children were at greater odds of presenting with microhaematuria (adjusted OR (AOR)=25.6; 95% CI 14.5 to 45.1) and stunting (AOR=1.7; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.7). Annual incidence of S haematobium infection and microhaematuria was 17.4% and 20.4%, respectively. Microhaematuria occurred within 3 months of first infection and resolved in a significant number of children, 12 weeks post-praziquantel treatment, from 42.3% to 10.3%; P<0.001.ConclusionWe demonstrated for the first time the incidence of schistosome infection in PSAC, along with microhaematuria, which appears within 3 months of first infection and resolves after praziquantel treatment. A proportion of stunting and malnutrition is attributable to S haematobium infection. The study adds scientific evidence to the calls for inclusion of PSAC in schistosome control programmes.</description><subject>Age groups</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Childrens health</subject><subject>Consent</subject><subject>Eggs</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Global health</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Hematuria</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Longitudinal studies</subject><subject>Malnutrition</subject><subject>Morbidity</subject><subject>Nutrition</subject><subject>Parents & parenting</subject><subject>Pediatrics</subject><subject>Sample size</subject><subject>Urine</subject><issn>2059-7908</issn><issn>2059-7908</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>9YT</sourceid><sourceid>ACMMV</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkU9vFCEYhydGY5vaD-DFkHjx0FFg-LN4MDHVVpMmXvTihcDwzi6bAVZgNPsZ_NKybm2qJ08QeH5PXvh13VOCXxIyiFc2bNebnmIie4yxEORBd0oxV71UePXw3v6kOy9l2xgi8YF83J1QJYggTJ52P9_towl-LChNaGfAeVOzH9GS0xqir2ZGZdz4UlNJAZCPE4zVp3iBQsrWO1_3yESHagZTA8T6Ghk0p7j2dXE-HuJt05jQztAuQ7OlNKPmnF2G2Izoqw_W2B_wpHs0mbnA-e161n25ev_58kN_8-n64-Xbm94ywWo_KbaywCW2K8rxpKhk0oI03ClF2aRWwmFFLRsEACcMGAVH-SAdHxiZ8DicdW-O3t1iA7ixTZ3NrHfZB5P3Ohmv_76JfqPX6bvmK8mFEE3w4laQ07cFStXBlxHm2URIS9EUUyIHRhlr6PN_0G1acvuXRnHeKDEo2ihypMacSskw3Q1DsD60rX-3rQ9t62PbLfPs_ivuEn-6bcDFEWjZ__D9AiBSt1M</recordid><startdate>20180301</startdate><enddate>20180301</enddate><creator>Osakunor, Derick Nii Mensah</creator><creator>Mduluza, Takafira</creator><creator>Midzi, Nicholas</creator><creator>Chase-Topping, Margo</creator><creator>Mutsaka-Makuvaza, Masceline Jenipher</creator><creator>Chimponda, Theresa</creator><creator>Eyoh, Enwono</creator><creator>Mduluza, Tariro</creator><creator>Pfavayi, Lorraine Tsitsi</creator><creator>Wami, Welcome Mkululi</creator><creator>Amanfo, Seth Appiah</creator><creator>Murray, Janice</creator><creator>Tshuma, Clement</creator><creator>Woolhouse, Mark Edward John</creator><creator>Mutapi, Francisca</creator><general>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group</general><scope>9YT</scope><scope>ACMMV</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4853-5384</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20180301</creationdate><title>Dynamics of paediatric urogenital schistosome infection, morbidity and treatment: a longitudinal study among preschool children in Zimbabwe</title><author>Osakunor, Derick Nii Mensah ; Mduluza, Takafira ; Midzi, Nicholas ; Chase-Topping, Margo ; Mutsaka-Makuvaza, Masceline Jenipher ; Chimponda, Theresa ; Eyoh, Enwono ; Mduluza, Tariro ; Pfavayi, Lorraine Tsitsi ; Wami, Welcome Mkululi ; Amanfo, Seth Appiah ; Murray, Janice ; Tshuma, Clement ; Woolhouse, Mark Edward John ; Mutapi, Francisca</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b464t-f948be570b8250f92747be7a5d9924f986d092b436ee514e42ed2537d5341f0c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Age groups</topic><topic>Children & youth</topic><topic>Childrens health</topic><topic>Consent</topic><topic>Eggs</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Global health</topic><topic>Health risks</topic><topic>Hematuria</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Longitudinal studies</topic><topic>Malnutrition</topic><topic>Morbidity</topic><topic>Nutrition</topic><topic>Parents & parenting</topic><topic>Pediatrics</topic><topic>Sample size</topic><topic>Urine</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Osakunor, Derick Nii Mensah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mduluza, Takafira</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Midzi, Nicholas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chase-Topping, Margo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mutsaka-Makuvaza, Masceline Jenipher</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chimponda, Theresa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eyoh, Enwono</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mduluza, Tariro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pfavayi, Lorraine Tsitsi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wami, Welcome Mkululi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amanfo, Seth Appiah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murray, Janice</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tshuma, Clement</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Woolhouse, Mark Edward John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mutapi, Francisca</creatorcontrib><collection>BMJ Open Access Journals</collection><collection>BMJ Journals:Open Access</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>BMJ global health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Osakunor, Derick Nii Mensah</au><au>Mduluza, Takafira</au><au>Midzi, Nicholas</au><au>Chase-Topping, Margo</au><au>Mutsaka-Makuvaza, Masceline Jenipher</au><au>Chimponda, Theresa</au><au>Eyoh, Enwono</au><au>Mduluza, Tariro</au><au>Pfavayi, Lorraine Tsitsi</au><au>Wami, Welcome Mkululi</au><au>Amanfo, Seth Appiah</au><au>Murray, Janice</au><au>Tshuma, Clement</au><au>Woolhouse, Mark Edward John</au><au>Mutapi, Francisca</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Dynamics of paediatric urogenital schistosome infection, morbidity and treatment: a longitudinal study among preschool children in Zimbabwe</atitle><jtitle>BMJ global health</jtitle><addtitle>BMJ Glob Health</addtitle><date>2018-03-01</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>3</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>e000661</spage><epage>e000661</epage><pages>e000661-e000661</pages><issn>2059-7908</issn><eissn>2059-7908</eissn><abstract>BackgroundRecent research has shown that in schistosome-endemic areas preschool-aged children (PSAC), that is, ≤5 years, are at risk of infection. However, there exists a knowledge gap on the dynamics of infection and morbidity in this age group. In this study, we determined the incidence and dynamics of the first urogenital schistosome infections, morbidity and treatment in PSAC.MethodsChildren (6 months to 5 years) were recruited and followed up for 12 months. Baseline demographics, anthropometric and parasitology data were collected from 1502 children. Urinary morbidity was assessed by haematuria and growth-related morbidity was assessed using standard WHO anthropometric indices. Children negative for Schistosoma haematobium infection were followed up quarterly to determine infection and morbidity incidence.ResultsAt baseline, the prevalence of S haematobium infection and microhaematuria was 8.5% and 8.6%, respectively. Based on different anthropometric indices, 2.2%–8.2% of children were malnourished, 10.1% underweight and 18.0% stunted. The fraction of morbidity attributable to schistosome infection was 92% for microhaematuria, 38% for stunting and malnutrition at 9%–34%, depending on indices used. S haematobium-positive children were at greater odds of presenting with microhaematuria (adjusted OR (AOR)=25.6; 95% CI 14.5 to 45.1) and stunting (AOR=1.7; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.7). Annual incidence of S haematobium infection and microhaematuria was 17.4% and 20.4%, respectively. Microhaematuria occurred within 3 months of first infection and resolved in a significant number of children, 12 weeks post-praziquantel treatment, from 42.3% to 10.3%; P<0.001.ConclusionWe demonstrated for the first time the incidence of schistosome infection in PSAC, along with microhaematuria, which appears within 3 months of first infection and resolves after praziquantel treatment. A proportion of stunting and malnutrition is attributable to S haematobium infection. The study adds scientific evidence to the calls for inclusion of PSAC in schistosome control programmes.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</pub><pmid>29616147</pmid><doi>10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000661</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4853-5384</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Age groups Children & youth Childrens health Consent Eggs Epidemiology Global health Health risks Hematuria Infections Longitudinal studies Malnutrition Morbidity Nutrition Parents & parenting Pediatrics Sample size Urine |
| title | Dynamics of paediatric urogenital schistosome infection, morbidity and treatment: a longitudinal study among preschool children in Zimbabwe |
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