The Association between Iron and Vitamin D Status in Female Elite Athletes
Vitamin D may influence iron metabolism and erythropoiesis, whereas iron is essential for vitamin D synthesis. We examined whether vitamin D deficiencies (VDD) are associated with reduced iron status and whether progressive iron deficiency (ID) is accompanied by inferior vitamin D status. The study...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Nutrients 2018-01, Vol.10 (2), p.167 |
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| creator | Malczewska-Lenczowska, Jadwiga Sitkowski, Dariusz Surała, Olga Orysiak, Joanna Szczepańska, Beata Witek, Konrad |
| description | Vitamin D may influence iron metabolism and erythropoiesis, whereas iron is essential for vitamin D synthesis. We examined whether vitamin D deficiencies (VDD) are associated with reduced iron status and whether progressive iron deficiency (ID) is accompanied by inferior vitamin D status. The study included 219 healthy female (14-34 years old) athletes. VDD was defined as a 25(OH)D concentration < 75 nmol/L. ID was classified based on ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and blood morphology indices. The percentage of ID subjects was higher (32%) in the VDD group than in the 25(OH)D sufficient group (11%) (χ² = 10.6;
= 0.001). The percentage of VDD subjects was higher (75%) in the ID than in the normal iron status group (48%) (χ² = 15.6;
= 0.001). The odds ratios (ORs) for VDD increased from 1.75 (95% CI 1.02-2.99;
= 0.040) to 4.6 (95% CI 1.81-11.65;
= 0.001) with progressing iron deficiency. ID was dependent on VDD in both VDD groups (25(OH)D < 75 and < 50 nmol/L). The ID group had a lower 25(OH)D concentration (
= 0.000). The VDD group had lower ferritin (
= 0.043) and iron (
= 0.004) concentrations and higher values of TIBC (
= 0.016) and sTfR (
= 0.001). The current results confirm the association between vitamin D and iron status in female athletes, although it is difficult to assess exactly which of these nutrients exerts a stronger influence over the other. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/nu10020167 |
| format | Article |
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= 0.001). The percentage of VDD subjects was higher (75%) in the ID than in the normal iron status group (48%) (χ² = 15.6;
= 0.001). The odds ratios (ORs) for VDD increased from 1.75 (95% CI 1.02-2.99;
= 0.040) to 4.6 (95% CI 1.81-11.65;
= 0.001) with progressing iron deficiency. ID was dependent on VDD in both VDD groups (25(OH)D < 75 and < 50 nmol/L). The ID group had a lower 25(OH)D concentration (
= 0.000). The VDD group had lower ferritin (
= 0.043) and iron (
= 0.004) concentrations and higher values of TIBC (
= 0.016) and sTfR (
= 0.001). The current results confirm the association between vitamin D and iron status in female athletes, although it is difficult to assess exactly which of these nutrients exerts a stronger influence over the other.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2072-6643</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2072-6643</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/nu10020167</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29385099</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency - blood ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency - diagnosis ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency - epidemiology ; Athletes ; binding capacity ; Biomarkers - blood ; blood ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Erythropoiesis ; Female ; females ; Ferritin ; Ferritins - blood ; Health Status ; Humans ; Iron ; Iron - blood ; Iron - deficiency ; iron absorption ; Logistic Models ; Metabolism ; Multivariate Analysis ; Nutrient deficiency ; Nutrients ; Odds Ratio ; Physical Fitness ; Poland - epidemiology ; Receptors, Transferrin - blood ; Transferrin ; transferrin receptors ; Transferrins ; Vitamin D ; Vitamin D - analogs & derivatives ; Vitamin D - blood ; vitamin D deficiency ; Vitamin D Deficiency - blood ; Vitamin D Deficiency - diagnosis ; Vitamin D Deficiency - epidemiology ; vitamin status ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Nutrients, 2018-01, Vol.10 (2), p.167</ispartof><rights>Copyright MDPI AG 2018</rights><rights>2018 by the authors. 2018</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c505t-dc3c0fda42484575e673cc74cb6f974cb6eccc55faee8d8fba17279f7eded1113</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c505t-dc3c0fda42484575e673cc74cb6f974cb6eccc55faee8d8fba17279f7eded1113</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-9574-8158</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5852743/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5852743/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29385099$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Malczewska-Lenczowska, Jadwiga</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sitkowski, Dariusz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Surała, Olga</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Orysiak, Joanna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Szczepańska, Beata</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Witek, Konrad</creatorcontrib><title>The Association between Iron and Vitamin D Status in Female Elite Athletes</title><title>Nutrients</title><addtitle>Nutrients</addtitle><description>Vitamin D may influence iron metabolism and erythropoiesis, whereas iron is essential for vitamin D synthesis. We examined whether vitamin D deficiencies (VDD) are associated with reduced iron status and whether progressive iron deficiency (ID) is accompanied by inferior vitamin D status. The study included 219 healthy female (14-34 years old) athletes. VDD was defined as a 25(OH)D concentration < 75 nmol/L. ID was classified based on ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and blood morphology indices. The percentage of ID subjects was higher (32%) in the VDD group than in the 25(OH)D sufficient group (11%) (χ² = 10.6;
= 0.001). The percentage of VDD subjects was higher (75%) in the ID than in the normal iron status group (48%) (χ² = 15.6;
= 0.001). The odds ratios (ORs) for VDD increased from 1.75 (95% CI 1.02-2.99;
= 0.040) to 4.6 (95% CI 1.81-11.65;
= 0.001) with progressing iron deficiency. ID was dependent on VDD in both VDD groups (25(OH)D < 75 and < 50 nmol/L). The ID group had a lower 25(OH)D concentration (
= 0.000). The VDD group had lower ferritin (
= 0.043) and iron (
= 0.004) concentrations and higher values of TIBC (
= 0.016) and sTfR (
= 0.001). The current results confirm the association between vitamin D and iron status in female athletes, although it is difficult to assess exactly which of these nutrients exerts a stronger influence over the other.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Anemia, Iron-Deficiency - blood</subject><subject>Anemia, Iron-Deficiency - diagnosis</subject><subject>Anemia, Iron-Deficiency - epidemiology</subject><subject>Athletes</subject><subject>binding capacity</subject><subject>Biomarkers - blood</subject><subject>blood</subject><subject>Chi-Square Distribution</subject><subject>Erythropoiesis</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>females</subject><subject>Ferritin</subject><subject>Ferritins - blood</subject><subject>Health Status</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Iron</subject><subject>Iron - blood</subject><subject>Iron - deficiency</subject><subject>iron absorption</subject><subject>Logistic Models</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Multivariate Analysis</subject><subject>Nutrient deficiency</subject><subject>Nutrients</subject><subject>Odds Ratio</subject><subject>Physical Fitness</subject><subject>Poland - epidemiology</subject><subject>Receptors, Transferrin - blood</subject><subject>Transferrin</subject><subject>transferrin receptors</subject><subject>Transferrins</subject><subject>Vitamin D</subject><subject>Vitamin D - analogs & derivatives</subject><subject>Vitamin D - blood</subject><subject>vitamin D deficiency</subject><subject>Vitamin D Deficiency - blood</subject><subject>Vitamin D Deficiency - diagnosis</subject><subject>Vitamin D Deficiency - epidemiology</subject><subject>vitamin status</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>2072-6643</issn><issn>2072-6643</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkUtLxDAUhYMojqgbf4AU3IgwmkfTJBtBxteI4MLHNmTSWydDm2qTKv57ozOOj43ZnBvul8PNPQjtEHzImMJHvicYU0wKsYI2KBZ0WBQ5W_1RD9B2CDP8cQQWBVtHA6qY5FipDXR1N4XsJITWOhNd67MJxFcAn427dDG-zB5cNI3z2Wl2G03sQ5bqc2hMDdlZ7WJ6Hac1RAhbaK0ydYDthW6i-_Ozu9Hl8PrmYjw6uR5ajnkclpZZXJUmp7nMueBQCGatyO2kqNSngLWW88oAyFJWE0MEFaoSUEJJCGGb6Hju-9RPGigt-NiZWj91rjHdm26N07873k31Y_uiueRU5CwZ7C8Muva5hxB144KFujYe2j5oSgWROFek-BclSjEmqeIyoXt_0Fnbdz5tQqd4csGUlCJRB3PKdm0IHVTLuQnWH4Hq70ATvPvzp0v0Kz72Dhormtc</recordid><startdate>20180131</startdate><enddate>20180131</enddate><creator>Malczewska-Lenczowska, Jadwiga</creator><creator>Sitkowski, Dariusz</creator><creator>Surała, Olga</creator><creator>Orysiak, Joanna</creator><creator>Szczepańska, Beata</creator><creator>Witek, Konrad</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9574-8158</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20180131</creationdate><title>The Association between Iron and Vitamin D Status in Female Elite Athletes</title><author>Malczewska-Lenczowska, Jadwiga ; Sitkowski, Dariusz ; Surała, Olga ; Orysiak, Joanna ; Szczepańska, Beata ; Witek, Konrad</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c505t-dc3c0fda42484575e673cc74cb6f974cb6eccc55faee8d8fba17279f7eded1113</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Anemia, Iron-Deficiency - blood</topic><topic>Anemia, Iron-Deficiency - diagnosis</topic><topic>Anemia, Iron-Deficiency - epidemiology</topic><topic>Athletes</topic><topic>binding capacity</topic><topic>Biomarkers - blood</topic><topic>blood</topic><topic>Chi-Square Distribution</topic><topic>Erythropoiesis</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>females</topic><topic>Ferritin</topic><topic>Ferritins - blood</topic><topic>Health Status</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Iron</topic><topic>Iron - blood</topic><topic>Iron - deficiency</topic><topic>iron absorption</topic><topic>Logistic Models</topic><topic>Metabolism</topic><topic>Multivariate Analysis</topic><topic>Nutrient deficiency</topic><topic>Nutrients</topic><topic>Odds Ratio</topic><topic>Physical Fitness</topic><topic>Poland - epidemiology</topic><topic>Receptors, Transferrin - blood</topic><topic>Transferrin</topic><topic>transferrin receptors</topic><topic>Transferrins</topic><topic>Vitamin D</topic><topic>Vitamin D - analogs & derivatives</topic><topic>Vitamin D - blood</topic><topic>vitamin D deficiency</topic><topic>Vitamin D Deficiency - blood</topic><topic>Vitamin D Deficiency - diagnosis</topic><topic>Vitamin D Deficiency - epidemiology</topic><topic>vitamin status</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Malczewska-Lenczowska, Jadwiga</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sitkowski, Dariusz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Surała, Olga</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Orysiak, Joanna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Szczepańska, Beata</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Witek, Konrad</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Nutrients</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Malczewska-Lenczowska, Jadwiga</au><au>Sitkowski, Dariusz</au><au>Surała, Olga</au><au>Orysiak, Joanna</au><au>Szczepańska, Beata</au><au>Witek, Konrad</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Association between Iron and Vitamin D Status in Female Elite Athletes</atitle><jtitle>Nutrients</jtitle><addtitle>Nutrients</addtitle><date>2018-01-31</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>167</spage><pages>167-</pages><issn>2072-6643</issn><eissn>2072-6643</eissn><abstract>Vitamin D may influence iron metabolism and erythropoiesis, whereas iron is essential for vitamin D synthesis. We examined whether vitamin D deficiencies (VDD) are associated with reduced iron status and whether progressive iron deficiency (ID) is accompanied by inferior vitamin D status. The study included 219 healthy female (14-34 years old) athletes. VDD was defined as a 25(OH)D concentration < 75 nmol/L. ID was classified based on ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and blood morphology indices. The percentage of ID subjects was higher (32%) in the VDD group than in the 25(OH)D sufficient group (11%) (χ² = 10.6;
= 0.001). The percentage of VDD subjects was higher (75%) in the ID than in the normal iron status group (48%) (χ² = 15.6;
= 0.001). The odds ratios (ORs) for VDD increased from 1.75 (95% CI 1.02-2.99;
= 0.040) to 4.6 (95% CI 1.81-11.65;
= 0.001) with progressing iron deficiency. ID was dependent on VDD in both VDD groups (25(OH)D < 75 and < 50 nmol/L). The ID group had a lower 25(OH)D concentration (
= 0.000). The VDD group had lower ferritin (
= 0.043) and iron (
= 0.004) concentrations and higher values of TIBC (
= 0.016) and sTfR (
= 0.001). The current results confirm the association between vitamin D and iron status in female athletes, although it is difficult to assess exactly which of these nutrients exerts a stronger influence over the other.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>29385099</pmid><doi>10.3390/nu10020167</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9574-8158</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; PubMed Central Open Access |
| subjects | Adolescent Adult Anemia, Iron-Deficiency - blood Anemia, Iron-Deficiency - diagnosis Anemia, Iron-Deficiency - epidemiology Athletes binding capacity Biomarkers - blood blood Chi-Square Distribution Erythropoiesis Female females Ferritin Ferritins - blood Health Status Humans Iron Iron - blood Iron - deficiency iron absorption Logistic Models Metabolism Multivariate Analysis Nutrient deficiency Nutrients Odds Ratio Physical Fitness Poland - epidemiology Receptors, Transferrin - blood Transferrin transferrin receptors Transferrins Vitamin D Vitamin D - analogs & derivatives Vitamin D - blood vitamin D deficiency Vitamin D Deficiency - blood Vitamin D Deficiency - diagnosis Vitamin D Deficiency - epidemiology vitamin status Young Adult |
| title | The Association between Iron and Vitamin D Status in Female Elite Athletes |
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