Ghost reduction in echo‐planar imaging by joint reconstruction of images and line‐to‐line delays and phase errors

Purpose To correct line‐to‐line delays and phase errors in echo‐planar imaging (EPI). Theory and Methods EPI‐trajectory auto‐corrected image reconstruction (EPI‐TrACR) is an iterative maximum‐likelihood technique that exploits data redundancy provided by multiple receive coils between nearby lines of k‐space to determine and correct line‐to‐line trajectory delays and phase errors that cause ghosting artifacts. EPI‐TrACR was efficiently implemented using a segmented FFT and was applied to in vivo brain data acquired at 7 T across acceleration (1×–4×) and multishot factors (1–4 shots), and in a time series. Results EPI‐TrACR reduced ghosting across all acceleration factors and multishot factors, compared to conventional calibrated reconstructions and the PAGE method. It also achieved consistently lower ghosting in the time series. Averaged over all cases, EPI‐TrACR reduced root‐mean‐square ghosted signal outside the brain by 27% compared to calibrated reconstruction, and by 40% compared to PAGE. Conclusion EPI‐TrACR automatically corrects line‐to‐line delays and phase errors in multishot, accelerated, and dynamic EPI. While the method benefits from additional calibration data for initialization, it was not a requirement for most reconstructions. Magn Reson Med 79:3114–3121, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.