Clostridium difficile Infections: A Global Overview of Drug Sensitivity and Resistance Mechanisms
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is the most prevalent causative pathogen of healthcare-associated diarrhea. Notably, over the past 10 years, the number of Clostridium difficile outbreaks has increased with the rate of morbidity and mortality. The occurrence and spread of C. difficile strains th...
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| description | Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is the most prevalent causative pathogen of healthcare-associated diarrhea. Notably, over the past 10 years, the number of Clostridium difficile outbreaks has increased with the rate of morbidity and mortality. The occurrence and spread of C. difficile strains that are resistant to multiple antimicrobial drugs complicate prevention as well as potential treatment options. Most C. difficile isolates are still susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin. Incidences of C. difficile resistance to other antimicrobial drugs have also been reported. Most of the antibiotics correlated with C. difficile infection (CDI), such as ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalosporins, clindamycin, and fluoroquinolones, continue to be associated with the highest risk for CDI. Still, the detailed mechanism of resistance to metronidazole or vancomycin is not clear. Alternation in the target sites of the antibiotics is the main mechanism of erythromycin, fluoroquinolone, and rifamycin resistance in C. difficile. In this review, different antimicrobial agents are discussed and C. difficile resistance patterns and their mechanism of survival are summarized. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1155/2018/8414257 |
| format | Article |
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Notably, over the past 10 years, the number of Clostridium difficile outbreaks has increased with the rate of morbidity and mortality. The occurrence and spread of C. difficile strains that are resistant to multiple antimicrobial drugs complicate prevention as well as potential treatment options. Most C. difficile isolates are still susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin. Incidences of C. difficile resistance to other antimicrobial drugs have also been reported. Most of the antibiotics correlated with C. difficile infection (CDI), such as ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalosporins, clindamycin, and fluoroquinolones, continue to be associated with the highest risk for CDI. Still, the detailed mechanism of resistance to metronidazole or vancomycin is not clear. Alternation in the target sites of the antibiotics is the main mechanism of erythromycin, fluoroquinolone, and rifamycin resistance in C. difficile. In this review, different antimicrobial agents are discussed and C. difficile resistance patterns and their mechanism of survival are summarized.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2314-6133</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2314-6141</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1155/2018/8414257</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29682562</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cairo, Egypt: Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher><subject>Amoxicillin ; Ampicillin ; Antibiotics ; Antiinfectives and antibacterials ; Antimicrobial agents ; Bacteria ; Care and treatment ; Cephalosporins ; Chemotherapy ; Clindamycin ; Clostridium difficile ; Diarrhea ; Drug resistance ; Drug resistance in microorganisms ; Drugs ; Epidemics ; Epidemiology ; Erythromycin ; Fidaxomicin ; Fluoroquinolones ; Health aspects ; Health care ; Hospitals ; Infection ; Infections ; Infectious diseases ; Metronidazole ; Morbidity ; Mutation ; Outbreaks ; Review ; Rifamycins ; Studies ; Therapeutic applications ; Vancomycin</subject><ispartof>BioMed research international, 2018-01, Vol.2018 (2018), p.1-9</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2018 Saeed S. Banawas.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2018 Saeed S. Banawas.; This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2018 Saeed S. Banawas. 2018</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c499t-b752289fdc384947755aeae37b0992793b7f1831c570ab28e9ab7f7fdf8636743</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c499t-b752289fdc384947755aeae37b0992793b7f1831c570ab28e9ab7f7fdf8636743</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-4423-8892</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5841113/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5841113/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29682562$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Koon, Hon W.</contributor><contributor>Hon W Koon</contributor><creatorcontrib>Banawas, Saeed</creatorcontrib><title>Clostridium difficile Infections: A Global Overview of Drug Sensitivity and Resistance Mechanisms</title><title>BioMed research international</title><addtitle>Biomed Res Int</addtitle><description>Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is the most prevalent causative pathogen of healthcare-associated diarrhea. Notably, over the past 10 years, the number of Clostridium difficile outbreaks has increased with the rate of morbidity and mortality. The occurrence and spread of C. difficile strains that are resistant to multiple antimicrobial drugs complicate prevention as well as potential treatment options. Most C. difficile isolates are still susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin. Incidences of C. difficile resistance to other antimicrobial drugs have also been reported. Most of the antibiotics correlated with C. difficile infection (CDI), such as ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalosporins, clindamycin, and fluoroquinolones, continue to be associated with the highest risk for CDI. Still, the detailed mechanism of resistance to metronidazole or vancomycin is not clear. Alternation in the target sites of the antibiotics is the main mechanism of erythromycin, fluoroquinolone, and rifamycin resistance in C. difficile. In this review, different antimicrobial agents are discussed and C. difficile resistance patterns and their mechanism of survival are summarized.</description><subject>Amoxicillin</subject><subject>Ampicillin</subject><subject>Antibiotics</subject><subject>Antiinfectives and antibacterials</subject><subject>Antimicrobial agents</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Care and treatment</subject><subject>Cephalosporins</subject><subject>Chemotherapy</subject><subject>Clindamycin</subject><subject>Clostridium difficile</subject><subject>Diarrhea</subject><subject>Drug resistance</subject><subject>Drug resistance in microorganisms</subject><subject>Drugs</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Erythromycin</subject><subject>Fidaxomicin</subject><subject>Fluoroquinolones</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health care</subject><subject>Hospitals</subject><subject>Infection</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Infectious diseases</subject><subject>Metronidazole</subject><subject>Morbidity</subject><subject>Mutation</subject><subject>Outbreaks</subject><subject>Review</subject><subject>Rifamycins</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Therapeutic 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Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Banawas, Saeed</au><au>Koon, Hon W.</au><au>Hon W Koon</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Clostridium difficile Infections: A Global Overview of Drug Sensitivity and Resistance Mechanisms</atitle><jtitle>BioMed research international</jtitle><addtitle>Biomed Res Int</addtitle><date>2018-01-01</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>2018</volume><issue>2018</issue><spage>1</spage><epage>9</epage><pages>1-9</pages><issn>2314-6133</issn><eissn>2314-6141</eissn><abstract>Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is the most prevalent causative pathogen of healthcare-associated diarrhea. Notably, over the past 10 years, the number of Clostridium difficile outbreaks has increased with the rate of morbidity and mortality. The occurrence and spread of C. difficile strains that are resistant to multiple antimicrobial drugs complicate prevention as well as potential treatment options. Most C. difficile isolates are still susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin. Incidences of C. difficile resistance to other antimicrobial drugs have also been reported. Most of the antibiotics correlated with C. difficile infection (CDI), such as ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalosporins, clindamycin, and fluoroquinolones, continue to be associated with the highest risk for CDI. Still, the detailed mechanism of resistance to metronidazole or vancomycin is not clear. Alternation in the target sites of the antibiotics is the main mechanism of erythromycin, fluoroquinolone, and rifamycin resistance in C. difficile. In this review, different antimicrobial agents are discussed and C. difficile resistance patterns and their mechanism of survival are summarized.</abstract><cop>Cairo, Egypt</cop><pub>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</pub><pmid>29682562</pmid><doi>10.1155/2018/8414257</doi><tpages>9</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4423-8892</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Amoxicillin Ampicillin Antibiotics Antiinfectives and antibacterials Antimicrobial agents Bacteria Care and treatment Cephalosporins Chemotherapy Clindamycin Clostridium difficile Diarrhea Drug resistance Drug resistance in microorganisms Drugs Epidemics Epidemiology Erythromycin Fidaxomicin Fluoroquinolones Health aspects Health care Hospitals Infection Infections Infectious diseases Metronidazole Morbidity Mutation Outbreaks Review Rifamycins Studies Therapeutic applications Vancomycin |
| title | Clostridium difficile Infections: A Global Overview of Drug Sensitivity and Resistance Mechanisms |
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