ER–mitochondria signaling in Parkinson’s disease

Mitochondria form close physical contacts with a specialized domain of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), known as the mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM). This association constitutes a key signaling hub to regulate several fundamental cellular processes. Alterations in ER–mitochondria signaling have pleiotropic effects on a variety of intracellular events resulting in mitochondrial damage, Ca 2+ dyshomeostasis, ER stress and defects in lipid metabolism and autophagy. Intriguingly, many of these cellular processes are perturbed in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, increasing evidence highlights that ER–mitochondria signaling contributes to these diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, for which effective mechanism-based treatments remain elusive. Several PD-related proteins localize at mitochondria or MAM and have been shown to participate in ER–mitochondria signaling regulation. Likewise, PD-related mutations have been shown to damage this signaling. Could ER–mitochondria associations be the link between pathogenic mechanisms involved in PD, providing a common mechanism? Would this provide a pharmacological target for treating this devastating disease? In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge of ER–mitochondria signaling and the recent evidence concerning damage to this signaling in PD.