Peanuts, Aflatoxins and Undernutrition in Children in Sub-Saharan Africa
Peanuts ( ) is an important and affordable source of protein in most of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and a popular commodity and raw material for peanut butter, paste and cooking oil. It is a popular ingredient for foods used at the point of weaning infants from mother's milk. It is at this critica...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Nutrients 2017-11, Vol.9 (12), p.1287 |
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| creator | Mupunga, Innocent Mngqawa, Pamella Katerere, David R |
| description | Peanuts (
) is an important and affordable source of protein in most of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and a popular commodity and raw material for peanut butter, paste and cooking oil. It is a popular ingredient for foods used at the point of weaning infants from mother's milk. It is at this critical point that childhood undernutrition occurs and the condition manifests as stunting, wasting and growth restriction and accounts for nearly half of all deaths in children under five years of age in SSA. Undernutrition is multi-factorial but weaning foods contaminated with microbiological agents (bacteria and fungi) and natural toxins have been shown to play a big part. While peanuts may provide good nutrition, they are also highly prone to contamination with mycotoxigenic fungi. The high nutritive value of peanuts makes them a perfect substrate for fungal growth and potential aflatoxin contamination. Aflatoxins are highly carcinogenic and mutagenic mycotoxins. This article reviews the nutritional value and aflatoxin contamination of peanuts, the role they play in the development of childhood malnutrition (including the different theories of aetiology) and immunological problems in children. We also discuss the control strategies that have been explored and advocacy work currently taking shape in Africa to create more awareness of aflatoxins and thus combat their occurrence with the goal of reducing exposure and enhancing trade and food safety. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/nu9121287 |
| format | Article |
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) is an important and affordable source of protein in most of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and a popular commodity and raw material for peanut butter, paste and cooking oil. It is a popular ingredient for foods used at the point of weaning infants from mother's milk. It is at this critical point that childhood undernutrition occurs and the condition manifests as stunting, wasting and growth restriction and accounts for nearly half of all deaths in children under five years of age in SSA. Undernutrition is multi-factorial but weaning foods contaminated with microbiological agents (bacteria and fungi) and natural toxins have been shown to play a big part. While peanuts may provide good nutrition, they are also highly prone to contamination with mycotoxigenic fungi. The high nutritive value of peanuts makes them a perfect substrate for fungal growth and potential aflatoxin contamination. Aflatoxins are highly carcinogenic and mutagenic mycotoxins. This article reviews the nutritional value and aflatoxin contamination of peanuts, the role they play in the development of childhood malnutrition (including the different theories of aetiology) and immunological problems in children. We also discuss the control strategies that have been explored and advocacy work currently taking shape in Africa to create more awareness of aflatoxins and thus combat their occurrence with the goal of reducing exposure and enhancing trade and food safety.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2072-6643</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2072-6643</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/nu9121287</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29186859</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>advocacy ; Aflatoxins ; Arachis hypogaea ; Bacteria ; carcinogenicity ; Carcinogens ; childhood ; Children ; Cooking ; cooking fats and oils ; Cooking oils ; Critical point ; etiology ; Food contamination ; Food safety ; fungal growth ; Fungi ; growth retardation ; Immunology ; Infants ; ingredients ; Malnutrition ; Milk ; mutagens ; Mycotoxins ; natural toxicants ; Nutrition ; Nutritive value ; Nuts ; Peanut butter ; Peanuts ; Protein sources ; raw materials ; Review ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; Toxins ; trade ; Undernutrition ; Weaning ; weaning foods</subject><ispartof>Nutrients, 2017-11, Vol.9 (12), p.1287</ispartof><rights>Copyright MDPI AG 2017</rights><rights>2017 by the authors. 2017</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c436t-75db516c71b4baa7d18843b79ed16afbbea3e066a5837c96bdb49ffa32cef6033</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c436t-75db516c71b4baa7d18843b79ed16afbbea3e066a5837c96bdb49ffa32cef6033</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-4606-294X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748738/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748738/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29186859$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Mupunga, Innocent</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mngqawa, Pamella</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Katerere, David R</creatorcontrib><title>Peanuts, Aflatoxins and Undernutrition in Children in Sub-Saharan Africa</title><title>Nutrients</title><addtitle>Nutrients</addtitle><description>Peanuts (
) is an important and affordable source of protein in most of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and a popular commodity and raw material for peanut butter, paste and cooking oil. It is a popular ingredient for foods used at the point of weaning infants from mother's milk. It is at this critical point that childhood undernutrition occurs and the condition manifests as stunting, wasting and growth restriction and accounts for nearly half of all deaths in children under five years of age in SSA. Undernutrition is multi-factorial but weaning foods contaminated with microbiological agents (bacteria and fungi) and natural toxins have been shown to play a big part. While peanuts may provide good nutrition, they are also highly prone to contamination with mycotoxigenic fungi. The high nutritive value of peanuts makes them a perfect substrate for fungal growth and potential aflatoxin contamination. Aflatoxins are highly carcinogenic and mutagenic mycotoxins. This article reviews the nutritional value and aflatoxin contamination of peanuts, the role they play in the development of childhood malnutrition (including the different theories of aetiology) and immunological problems in children. We also discuss the control strategies that have been explored and advocacy work currently taking shape in Africa to create more awareness of aflatoxins and thus combat their occurrence with the goal of reducing exposure and enhancing trade and food safety.</description><subject>advocacy</subject><subject>Aflatoxins</subject><subject>Arachis hypogaea</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>carcinogenicity</subject><subject>Carcinogens</subject><subject>childhood</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Cooking</subject><subject>cooking fats and oils</subject><subject>Cooking oils</subject><subject>Critical point</subject><subject>etiology</subject><subject>Food contamination</subject><subject>Food safety</subject><subject>fungal growth</subject><subject>Fungi</subject><subject>growth retardation</subject><subject>Immunology</subject><subject>Infants</subject><subject>ingredients</subject><subject>Malnutrition</subject><subject>Milk</subject><subject>mutagens</subject><subject>Mycotoxins</subject><subject>natural toxicants</subject><subject>Nutrition</subject><subject>Nutritive value</subject><subject>Nuts</subject><subject>Peanut butter</subject><subject>Peanuts</subject><subject>Protein sources</subject><subject>raw materials</subject><subject>Review</subject><subject>Sub-Saharan Africa</subject><subject>Toxins</subject><subject>trade</subject><subject>Undernutrition</subject><subject>Weaning</subject><subject>weaning foods</subject><issn>2072-6643</issn><issn>2072-6643</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkU1LxDAQhoMorqgH_4AUvChYzUebj4sgi18gKOiew6RN3SzdVJNW9N-b1XVRL85lBuaZl5l5Edoj-IQxhU_9oAglVIo1tEWxoDnnBVv_UY_QbowzvAiBBWebaEQVkVyWagtd31vwQx-Ps_Omhb57cz5m4Ots4msbUie43nU-cz4bT11bB_tZPwwmf4ApBPBpMLgKdtBGA220u8u8jSaXF4_j6_z27upmfH6bVwXjfS7K2pSEV4KYwgCImkhZMCOUrQmHxhgLzGLOoZRMVIqb2hSqaYDRyjYcM7aNzr50nwczt3VlfR-g1c_BzSG86w6c_t3xbqqfulddikIKJpPA4VIgdC-Djb2eu1jZtgVvuyFqSiVXaVes_kWJEphThYsFevAHnXVD8OkTiZLp1ZgRnKijL6oKXYzBNqu9CdYLN_XKzcTu_zx0RX57xz4ATF-Z-Q</recordid><startdate>20171126</startdate><enddate>20171126</enddate><creator>Mupunga, Innocent</creator><creator>Mngqawa, Pamella</creator><creator>Katerere, David R</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4606-294X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20171126</creationdate><title>Peanuts, Aflatoxins and Undernutrition in Children in Sub-Saharan Africa</title><author>Mupunga, Innocent ; Mngqawa, Pamella ; Katerere, David R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c436t-75db516c71b4baa7d18843b79ed16afbbea3e066a5837c96bdb49ffa32cef6033</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>advocacy</topic><topic>Aflatoxins</topic><topic>Arachis hypogaea</topic><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>carcinogenicity</topic><topic>Carcinogens</topic><topic>childhood</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Cooking</topic><topic>cooking fats and oils</topic><topic>Cooking oils</topic><topic>Critical point</topic><topic>etiology</topic><topic>Food contamination</topic><topic>Food safety</topic><topic>fungal growth</topic><topic>Fungi</topic><topic>growth retardation</topic><topic>Immunology</topic><topic>Infants</topic><topic>ingredients</topic><topic>Malnutrition</topic><topic>Milk</topic><topic>mutagens</topic><topic>Mycotoxins</topic><topic>natural toxicants</topic><topic>Nutrition</topic><topic>Nutritive value</topic><topic>Nuts</topic><topic>Peanut butter</topic><topic>Peanuts</topic><topic>Protein sources</topic><topic>raw materials</topic><topic>Review</topic><topic>Sub-Saharan Africa</topic><topic>Toxins</topic><topic>trade</topic><topic>Undernutrition</topic><topic>Weaning</topic><topic>weaning foods</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mupunga, Innocent</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mngqawa, Pamella</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Katerere, David R</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Nutrients</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mupunga, Innocent</au><au>Mngqawa, Pamella</au><au>Katerere, David R</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Peanuts, Aflatoxins and Undernutrition in Children in Sub-Saharan Africa</atitle><jtitle>Nutrients</jtitle><addtitle>Nutrients</addtitle><date>2017-11-26</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>9</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>1287</spage><pages>1287-</pages><issn>2072-6643</issn><eissn>2072-6643</eissn><abstract>Peanuts (
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| subjects | advocacy Aflatoxins Arachis hypogaea Bacteria carcinogenicity Carcinogens childhood Children Cooking cooking fats and oils Cooking oils Critical point etiology Food contamination Food safety fungal growth Fungi growth retardation Immunology Infants ingredients Malnutrition Milk mutagens Mycotoxins natural toxicants Nutrition Nutritive value Nuts Peanut butter Peanuts Protein sources raw materials Review Sub-Saharan Africa Toxins trade Undernutrition Weaning weaning foods |
| title | Peanuts, Aflatoxins and Undernutrition in Children in Sub-Saharan Africa |
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