The Prognostic Value of Combined Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Habits for the Estimation of Cause-Specific Mortality in Middle-Age and Elderly Population: Results from a Long-Term Cohort Study in Lithuania
Aim. To evaluate the prognostic value of combined smoking and alcohol consumption habits for the estimation of cause-specific mortality risk in middle-age and elderly population. Methods. The study presents data from the four surveys. A random sample of 6,729 subjects aged 35–64 years was selected f...
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| creator | Radisauskas, Ricardas Virviciute, Dalia Tamosiunas, Abdonas Luksiene, Dalia |
| description | Aim. To evaluate the prognostic value of combined smoking and alcohol consumption habits for the estimation of cause-specific mortality risk in middle-age and elderly population. Methods. The study presents data from the four surveys. A random sample of 6,729 subjects aged 35–64 years was selected for statistical analysis. During the follow-up of 31 years (1983–2014), there were 2,158 deaths from any cause. Multivariate Cox’s proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause mortality and Competing Risk Regression analysis was used to estimate subdistribution hazard risk (SHR) for cause-specific mortality. Results. Smoking clearly increased the risk of all-cause mortality and mortality from cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but alcohol use had little effect in men aged 35–64 years. However, heavy alcohol consumption (>14 units/week) increased the risk of all-cause mortality and mortality from external causes in the never-smokers men group who drank alcohol of 1–14 units/week (HR 2 = 1.57 and SHR 2 = 2.40, resp.). Conclusions. The smoking habits and alcohol consumption are modifiable risk factors, and thus efforts to support abstinence from alcohol and smoking use should be a public health priority. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1155/2017/9654314 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_5671688</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A557303197</galeid><sourcerecordid>A557303197</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c499t-73454559273c8c0955b1347f04f81542c6b9413ec81877f0a160cd6c7db120d33</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkk-P1CAYhxujcTfr3jwbEo9atxQoxYPJZDLrmszGjTN6JZTSlpXCCFQzn3K_kswfZ_Uml5fwPjx5Ib8sewmLdxASclUWkF6ximAE8ZPsvEwlryCGT097hM6yyxDui7RqWBWsep6dlSxdZJCeZw_rQYE773rrQtQSfBNmUsB1YO7GRlvVgtXovmvbA2FbMDPSDc6kpg3TuInaWXAjGh0D6JwHMbkWSTOKfWdnEVNQ-WqjpO6S_db5KIyOW6AtuNVta1Q-69XevTCt8mYL7txmMnvBe_BFhcns5N6NQICls32-Vn5MAwxJBVZxaveupY7DJKwWL7JnnTBBXR7rRfb1erGe3-TLzx8_zWfLXGLGYk4RJpgQVlIka1kwQhqIMO0K3NWQ4FJWDcMQKVnDmqZjkX5OtpWkbQPLokXoIvtw8G6mZlStVDZ6YfjGp8f7LXdC8387Vg-8dz85qSis6joJXh8F3v2YVIj83k3eppk5ZIRCWpGifKR6YRTXtnNJJkcdJJ8RQlGBIKOJenugpHcheNWd5oAF3-WE73LCjzlJ-Ku_Zz_Bf1KRgDcHYNC2Fb_0f-pUYlQnHmmIWFVj9Bu3PdA3</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1957176502</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>The Prognostic Value of Combined Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Habits for the Estimation of Cause-Specific Mortality in Middle-Age and Elderly Population: Results from a Long-Term Cohort Study in Lithuania</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Wiley Online Library Open Access</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><source>PubMed Central Open Access</source><creator>Radisauskas, Ricardas ; Virviciute, Dalia ; Tamosiunas, Abdonas ; Luksiene, Dalia</creator><contributor>Li, Ming D.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Radisauskas, Ricardas ; Virviciute, Dalia ; Tamosiunas, Abdonas ; Luksiene, Dalia ; Li, Ming D.</creatorcontrib><description>Aim. To evaluate the prognostic value of combined smoking and alcohol consumption habits for the estimation of cause-specific mortality risk in middle-age and elderly population. Methods. The study presents data from the four surveys. A random sample of 6,729 subjects aged 35–64 years was selected for statistical analysis. During the follow-up of 31 years (1983–2014), there were 2,158 deaths from any cause. Multivariate Cox’s proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause mortality and Competing Risk Regression analysis was used to estimate subdistribution hazard risk (SHR) for cause-specific mortality. Results. Smoking clearly increased the risk of all-cause mortality and mortality from cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but alcohol use had little effect in men aged 35–64 years. However, heavy alcohol consumption (>14 units/week) increased the risk of all-cause mortality and mortality from external causes in the never-smokers men group who drank alcohol of 1–14 units/week (HR 2 = 1.57 and SHR 2 = 2.40, resp.). Conclusions. The smoking habits and alcohol consumption are modifiable risk factors, and thus efforts to support abstinence from alcohol and smoking use should be a public health priority.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2314-6133</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2314-6141</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1155/2017/9654314</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29201917</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cairo, Egypt: Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher><subject>Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alcohol Drinking - adverse effects ; Alcohol Drinking - mortality ; Alcohol use ; Alcoholic beverages ; Cancer ; Cardiovascular diseases ; Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases - mortality ; Cardiovascular Diseases - pathology ; Care and treatment ; Cause of Death ; Cohort analysis ; Cohort Studies ; Drinking of alcoholic beverages ; Female ; Geriatrics ; Habits ; Hazards ; Health aspects ; Health hazards ; Health risk assessment ; Health risks ; Humans ; Lithuania - epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; Mortality risk ; Older people ; Population (statistical) ; Population studies ; Prognosis ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Public health ; Regression analysis ; Risk analysis ; Risk Factors ; Smoking ; Smoking - adverse effects ; Smoking - mortality ; Statistical analysis ; Statistical models ; Studies</subject><ispartof>BioMed research international, 2017-01, Vol.2017 (2017), p.1-12</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2017 Dalia Luksiene et al.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2017 Dalia Luksiene et al.; This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2017 Dalia Luksiene et al. 2017</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c499t-73454559273c8c0955b1347f04f81542c6b9413ec81877f0a160cd6c7db120d33</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c499t-73454559273c8c0955b1347f04f81542c6b9413ec81877f0a160cd6c7db120d33</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7157-4090</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5671688/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5671688/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29201917$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Li, Ming D.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Radisauskas, Ricardas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Virviciute, Dalia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tamosiunas, Abdonas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Luksiene, Dalia</creatorcontrib><title>The Prognostic Value of Combined Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Habits for the Estimation of Cause-Specific Mortality in Middle-Age and Elderly Population: Results from a Long-Term Cohort Study in Lithuania</title><title>BioMed research international</title><addtitle>Biomed Res Int</addtitle><description>Aim. To evaluate the prognostic value of combined smoking and alcohol consumption habits for the estimation of cause-specific mortality risk in middle-age and elderly population. Methods. The study presents data from the four surveys. A random sample of 6,729 subjects aged 35–64 years was selected for statistical analysis. During the follow-up of 31 years (1983–2014), there were 2,158 deaths from any cause. Multivariate Cox’s proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause mortality and Competing Risk Regression analysis was used to estimate subdistribution hazard risk (SHR) for cause-specific mortality. Results. Smoking clearly increased the risk of all-cause mortality and mortality from cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but alcohol use had little effect in men aged 35–64 years. However, heavy alcohol consumption (>14 units/week) increased the risk of all-cause mortality and mortality from external causes in the never-smokers men group who drank alcohol of 1–14 units/week (HR 2 = 1.57 and SHR 2 = 2.40, resp.). Conclusions. The smoking habits and alcohol consumption are modifiable risk factors, and thus efforts to support abstinence from alcohol and smoking use should be a public health priority.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Alcohol Drinking - adverse effects</subject><subject>Alcohol Drinking - mortality</subject><subject>Alcohol use</subject><subject>Alcoholic beverages</subject><subject>Cancer</subject><subject>Cardiovascular diseases</subject><subject>Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology</subject><subject>Cardiovascular Diseases - mortality</subject><subject>Cardiovascular Diseases - pathology</subject><subject>Care and treatment</subject><subject>Cause of Death</subject><subject>Cohort analysis</subject><subject>Cohort Studies</subject><subject>Drinking of alcoholic beverages</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Geriatrics</subject><subject>Habits</subject><subject>Hazards</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health hazards</subject><subject>Health risk assessment</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Lithuania - epidemiology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Mortality risk</subject><subject>Older people</subject><subject>Population (statistical)</subject><subject>Population studies</subject><subject>Prognosis</subject><subject>Proportional Hazards Models</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Risk analysis</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Smoking</subject><subject>Smoking - adverse effects</subject><subject>Smoking - mortality</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Statistical models</subject><subject>Studies</subject><issn>2314-6133</issn><issn>2314-6141</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>RHX</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkk-P1CAYhxujcTfr3jwbEo9atxQoxYPJZDLrmszGjTN6JZTSlpXCCFQzn3K_kswfZ_Uml5fwPjx5Ib8sewmLdxASclUWkF6ximAE8ZPsvEwlryCGT097hM6yyxDui7RqWBWsep6dlSxdZJCeZw_rQYE773rrQtQSfBNmUsB1YO7GRlvVgtXovmvbA2FbMDPSDc6kpg3TuInaWXAjGh0D6JwHMbkWSTOKfWdnEVNQ-WqjpO6S_db5KIyOW6AtuNVta1Q-69XevTCt8mYL7txmMnvBe_BFhcns5N6NQICls32-Vn5MAwxJBVZxaveupY7DJKwWL7JnnTBBXR7rRfb1erGe3-TLzx8_zWfLXGLGYk4RJpgQVlIka1kwQhqIMO0K3NWQ4FJWDcMQKVnDmqZjkX5OtpWkbQPLokXoIvtw8G6mZlStVDZ6YfjGp8f7LXdC8387Vg-8dz85qSis6joJXh8F3v2YVIj83k3eppk5ZIRCWpGifKR6YRTXtnNJJkcdJJ8RQlGBIKOJenugpHcheNWd5oAF3-WE73LCjzlJ-Ku_Zz_Bf1KRgDcHYNC2Fb_0f-pUYlQnHmmIWFVj9Bu3PdA3</recordid><startdate>20170101</startdate><enddate>20170101</enddate><creator>Radisauskas, Ricardas</creator><creator>Virviciute, Dalia</creator><creator>Tamosiunas, Abdonas</creator><creator>Luksiene, Dalia</creator><general>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</general><general>Hindawi</general><general>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</general><general>Hindawi Limited</general><scope>ADJCN</scope><scope>AHFXO</scope><scope>RHU</scope><scope>RHW</scope><scope>RHX</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>CWDGH</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7157-4090</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20170101</creationdate><title>The Prognostic Value of Combined Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Habits for the Estimation of Cause-Specific Mortality in Middle-Age and Elderly Population: Results from a Long-Term Cohort Study in Lithuania</title><author>Radisauskas, Ricardas ; Virviciute, Dalia ; Tamosiunas, Abdonas ; Luksiene, Dalia</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c499t-73454559273c8c0955b1347f04f81542c6b9413ec81877f0a160cd6c7db120d33</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aged, 80 and over</topic><topic>Alcohol Drinking - adverse effects</topic><topic>Alcohol Drinking - mortality</topic><topic>Alcohol use</topic><topic>Alcoholic beverages</topic><topic>Cancer</topic><topic>Cardiovascular diseases</topic><topic>Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology</topic><topic>Cardiovascular Diseases - mortality</topic><topic>Cardiovascular Diseases - pathology</topic><topic>Care and treatment</topic><topic>Cause of Death</topic><topic>Cohort analysis</topic><topic>Cohort Studies</topic><topic>Drinking of alcoholic beverages</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Geriatrics</topic><topic>Habits</topic><topic>Hazards</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Health hazards</topic><topic>Health risk assessment</topic><topic>Health risks</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Lithuania - epidemiology</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Mortality risk</topic><topic>Older people</topic><topic>Population (statistical)</topic><topic>Population studies</topic><topic>Prognosis</topic><topic>Proportional Hazards Models</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>Regression analysis</topic><topic>Risk analysis</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Smoking</topic><topic>Smoking - adverse effects</topic><topic>Smoking - mortality</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Statistical models</topic><topic>Studies</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Radisauskas, Ricardas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Virviciute, Dalia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tamosiunas, Abdonas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Luksiene, Dalia</creatorcontrib><collection>الدوريات العلمية والإحصائية - e-Marefa Academic and Statistical Periodicals</collection><collection>معرفة - المحتوى العربي الأكاديمي المتكامل - e-Marefa Academic Complete</collection><collection>Hindawi Publishing Complete</collection><collection>Hindawi Publishing Subscription Journals</collection><collection>Hindawi Publishing Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Middle East & Africa Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>BioMed research international</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Radisauskas, Ricardas</au><au>Virviciute, Dalia</au><au>Tamosiunas, Abdonas</au><au>Luksiene, Dalia</au><au>Li, Ming D.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Prognostic Value of Combined Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Habits for the Estimation of Cause-Specific Mortality in Middle-Age and Elderly Population: Results from a Long-Term Cohort Study in Lithuania</atitle><jtitle>BioMed research international</jtitle><addtitle>Biomed Res Int</addtitle><date>2017-01-01</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>2017</volume><issue>2017</issue><spage>1</spage><epage>12</epage><pages>1-12</pages><issn>2314-6133</issn><eissn>2314-6141</eissn><abstract>Aim. To evaluate the prognostic value of combined smoking and alcohol consumption habits for the estimation of cause-specific mortality risk in middle-age and elderly population. Methods. The study presents data from the four surveys. A random sample of 6,729 subjects aged 35–64 years was selected for statistical analysis. During the follow-up of 31 years (1983–2014), there were 2,158 deaths from any cause. Multivariate Cox’s proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause mortality and Competing Risk Regression analysis was used to estimate subdistribution hazard risk (SHR) for cause-specific mortality. Results. Smoking clearly increased the risk of all-cause mortality and mortality from cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but alcohol use had little effect in men aged 35–64 years. However, heavy alcohol consumption (>14 units/week) increased the risk of all-cause mortality and mortality from external causes in the never-smokers men group who drank alcohol of 1–14 units/week (HR 2 = 1.57 and SHR 2 = 2.40, resp.). Conclusions. The smoking habits and alcohol consumption are modifiable risk factors, and thus efforts to support abstinence from alcohol and smoking use should be a public health priority.</abstract><cop>Cairo, Egypt</cop><pub>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</pub><pmid>29201917</pmid><doi>10.1155/2017/9654314</doi><tpages>12</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7157-4090</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Alcohol Drinking - adverse effects Alcohol Drinking - mortality Alcohol use Alcoholic beverages Cancer Cardiovascular diseases Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology Cardiovascular Diseases - mortality Cardiovascular Diseases - pathology Care and treatment Cause of Death Cohort analysis Cohort Studies Drinking of alcoholic beverages Female Geriatrics Habits Hazards Health aspects Health hazards Health risk assessment Health risks Humans Lithuania - epidemiology Male Middle Aged Mortality Mortality risk Older people Population (statistical) Population studies Prognosis Proportional Hazards Models Public health Regression analysis Risk analysis Risk Factors Smoking Smoking - adverse effects Smoking - mortality Statistical analysis Statistical models Studies |
| title | The Prognostic Value of Combined Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Habits for the Estimation of Cause-Specific Mortality in Middle-Age and Elderly Population: Results from a Long-Term Cohort Study in Lithuania |
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