IL‐33 promotes growth and liver metastasis of colorectal cancer in mice by remodeling the tumor microenvironment and inducing angiogenesis

Liver metastasis is the major cause of death from colorectal cancer (CRC). Understanding its mechanisms is necessary for timely diagnosis and development of effective therapies. Interleukin‐33 (IL‐33) is an IL‐1 cytokine family member that uniquely functions as a cytokine and nuclear factor. It is released by necrotic epithelial cells and activated innate immune cells, functioning as an alarmin or an early danger signal. Its role in invoking type 2 immune response has been established; however, it has contrasting roles in tumor development and metastasis. We identified IL‐33 as a potently upregulated cytokine in a highly metastatic murine CRC cell line and examined its role in tumor growth and metastasis to the liver. IL‐33 was transgenically expressed in murine and human adenocarcinoma and carcinoma cell lines and their growth and spontaneous metastasis to the liver were assessed in orthotopic models of CRC in wild‐type C57Bl/6 and Il33 knockout mice. The results showed that increased expression of IL‐33 in CRC cells enhanced their tumor take, growth, and liver metastasis. Tumor‐ rather than host‐derived IL‐33 induced the enhanced recruitment of CD11b+ GR1+ and CD11b+F4/80+ myeloid cells to remodel the tumor microenvironment by increased expression of mobilizing cytokines, and tumor angiogenesis by activating endothelial cells. IL‐33 expression was elevated in patient tumor tissues, induced early in adenoma development, and activated by pro‐inflammatory cytokines derived from the tumor microenvironment. The data suggest that tumor‐derived IL‐33 modulates the tumor microenvironment to potently promote colon carcinogenesis and liver metastasis, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic target. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.