Suitability of a three-dimensional model to measure empathy and its relationship with social and normative adjustment in Spanish adolescents: a cross-sectional study
Objectives(1) To examine the psychometric properties of the Basic Empathy Scale (BES) with Spanish adolescents, comparing a two and a three-dimensional structure;(2) To analyse the relationship between the three-dimensional empathy and social and normative adjustment in school.DesignTransversal and...
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| creator | Herrera-López, Mauricio Gómez-Ortiz, Olga Ortega-Ruiz, Rosario Jolliffe, Darrick Romera, Eva M. |
| description | Objectives(1) To examine the psychometric properties of the Basic Empathy Scale (BES) with Spanish adolescents, comparing a two and a three-dimensional structure;(2) To analyse the relationship between the three-dimensional empathy and social and normative adjustment in school.DesignTransversal and ex post facto retrospective study. Confirmatory factorial analysis, multifactorial invariance analysis and structural equations models were used.Participants747 students (51.3% girls) from Cordoba, Spain, aged 12–17 years (M=13.8; SD=1.21).ResultsThe original two-dimensional structure was confirmed (cognitive empathy, affective empathy), but a three-dimensional structure showed better psychometric properties, highlighting the good fit found in confirmatory factorial analysis and adequate internal consistent valued, measured with Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega. Composite reliability and average variance extracted showed better indices for a three-factor model. The research also showed evidence of measurement invariance across gender. All the factors of the final three-dimensional BES model were direct and significantly associated with social and normative adjustment, being most strongly related to cognitive empathy.ConclusionsThis research supports the advances in neuroscience, developmental psychology and psychopathology through a three-dimensional version of the BES, which represents an improvement in the original two-factorial model. The organisation of empathy in three factors benefits the understanding of social and normative adjustment in adolescents, in which emotional disengagement favours adjusted peer relationships. Psychoeducational interventions aimed at improving the quality of social life in schools should target these components of empathy. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015347 |
| format | Article |
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Confirmatory factorial analysis, multifactorial invariance analysis and structural equations models were used.Participants747 students (51.3% girls) from Cordoba, Spain, aged 12–17 years (M=13.8; SD=1.21).ResultsThe original two-dimensional structure was confirmed (cognitive empathy, affective empathy), but a three-dimensional structure showed better psychometric properties, highlighting the good fit found in confirmatory factorial analysis and adequate internal consistent valued, measured with Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega. Composite reliability and average variance extracted showed better indices for a three-factor model. The research also showed evidence of measurement invariance across gender. All the factors of the final three-dimensional BES model were direct and significantly associated with social and normative adjustment, being most strongly related to cognitive empathy.ConclusionsThis research supports the advances in neuroscience, developmental psychology and psychopathology through a three-dimensional version of the BES, which represents an improvement in the original two-factorial model. The organisation of empathy in three factors benefits the understanding of social and normative adjustment in adolescents, in which emotional disengagement favours adjusted peer relationships. Psychoeducational interventions aimed at improving the quality of social life in schools should target these components of empathy.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2044-6055</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2044-6055</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015347</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28951400</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: BMJ Publishing Group LTD</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Antisocial personality disorder ; Anxiety ; Behavior ; Child ; Child development ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Emotional Intelligence ; Emotions ; Empathy ; Female ; Gender differences ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Health ; Models, Psychological ; Psychological Tests ; Psychology, Adolescent ; Psychometrics ; Reproducibility of Results ; Retrospective Studies ; Social Adjustment ; Spain ; Teenagers</subject><ispartof>BMJ open, 2017-09, Vol.7 (9), p.e015347-e015347</ispartof><rights>Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.</rights><rights>2017 Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted. 2017</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b472t-faed673b9a46cec60497446d95d789cf8364139a7fcefce6ff42641e1e2eccd33</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b472t-faed673b9a46cec60497446d95d789cf8364139a7fcefce6ff42641e1e2eccd33</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-0292-2688</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttp://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/9/e015347.full.pdf$$EPDF$$P50$$Gbmj$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttp://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/9/e015347.full$$EHTML$$P50$$Gbmj$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,27549,27550,27924,27925,53791,53793,77601,77632</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28951400$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Herrera-López, Mauricio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gómez-Ortiz, Olga</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ortega-Ruiz, Rosario</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jolliffe, Darrick</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Romera, Eva M.</creatorcontrib><title>Suitability of a three-dimensional model to measure empathy and its relationship with social and normative adjustment in Spanish adolescents: a cross-sectional study</title><title>BMJ open</title><addtitle>BMJ Open</addtitle><description>Objectives(1) To examine the psychometric properties of the Basic Empathy Scale (BES) with Spanish adolescents, comparing a two and a three-dimensional structure;(2) To analyse the relationship between the three-dimensional empathy and social and normative adjustment in school.DesignTransversal and ex post facto retrospective study. Confirmatory factorial analysis, multifactorial invariance analysis and structural equations models were used.Participants747 students (51.3% girls) from Cordoba, Spain, aged 12–17 years (M=13.8; SD=1.21).ResultsThe original two-dimensional structure was confirmed (cognitive empathy, affective empathy), but a three-dimensional structure showed better psychometric properties, highlighting the good fit found in confirmatory factorial analysis and adequate internal consistent valued, measured with Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega. Composite reliability and average variance extracted showed better indices for a three-factor model. The research also showed evidence of measurement invariance across gender. All the factors of the final three-dimensional BES model were direct and significantly associated with social and normative adjustment, being most strongly related to cognitive empathy.ConclusionsThis research supports the advances in neuroscience, developmental psychology and psychopathology through a three-dimensional version of the BES, which represents an improvement in the original two-factorial model. The organisation of empathy in three factors benefits the understanding of social and normative adjustment in adolescents, in which emotional disengagement favours adjusted peer relationships. Psychoeducational interventions aimed at improving the quality of social life in schools should target these components of empathy.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Antisocial personality disorder</subject><subject>Anxiety</subject><subject>Behavior</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child development</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Emotional Intelligence</subject><subject>Emotions</subject><subject>Empathy</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gender differences</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mental Health</subject><subject>Models, Psychological</subject><subject>Psychological Tests</subject><subject>Psychology, Adolescent</subject><subject>Psychometrics</subject><subject>Reproducibility of Results</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>Social Adjustment</subject><subject>Spain</subject><subject>Teenagers</subject><issn>2044-6055</issn><issn>2044-6055</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>9YT</sourceid><sourceid>ACMMV</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqNks1u1DAQxyMEolXpEyAhS1y4pPg7Gw5IqAJaqRKHwtny2hPiVRIH2ynaB-I9mW2WqnDCsmVr_Jv_zNhTVS8ZvWBM6LfbcRdnmGpOma4pU0I2T6pTTqWsNVXq6aPzSXWe847ikKpVij-vTvimVUxSelr9ul1CsdswhLInsSOWlD4B1D6MMOUQJzuQMXoYSIlkBJuXBATG2ZZ-T-zkSSiZJBhsQTb3YSY_Q-lJji6g5wGYYhrx9g6I9bslF9QtJEzkdrZTyD1a4wDZoTW_w_AuxZzrDK6swXNZ_P5F9ayzQ4bz435Wffv08evlVX3z5fP15YebeisbXurOgteN2LZWagdOU9k2UmrfKt9sWtdthJZMtLbpHODUXSc5WoABB-e8EGfV-1V3XrYj-ENSyQ5mTmG0aW-iDebvmyn05nu8M0pzobhEgTdHgRR_LJCLGQPWNgx2grhkw1optGjlRiP6-h90F5eEJd9TXDa4GFJipe7fJUH3kAyj5tAJ5tgJ5tAJZu0E9Hr1uI4Hnz__jsDFCqD3fyn-BtISxRw</recordid><startdate>20170901</startdate><enddate>20170901</enddate><creator>Herrera-López, Mauricio</creator><creator>Gómez-Ortiz, Olga</creator><creator>Ortega-Ruiz, Rosario</creator><creator>Jolliffe, Darrick</creator><creator>Romera, Eva M.</creator><general>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group</general><scope>9YT</scope><scope>ACMMV</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BTHHO</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>K9-</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0R</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0292-2688</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20170901</creationdate><title>Suitability of a three-dimensional model to measure empathy and its relationship with social and normative adjustment in Spanish adolescents: a cross-sectional study</title><author>Herrera-López, Mauricio ; 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Confirmatory factorial analysis, multifactorial invariance analysis and structural equations models were used.Participants747 students (51.3% girls) from Cordoba, Spain, aged 12–17 years (M=13.8; SD=1.21).ResultsThe original two-dimensional structure was confirmed (cognitive empathy, affective empathy), but a three-dimensional structure showed better psychometric properties, highlighting the good fit found in confirmatory factorial analysis and adequate internal consistent valued, measured with Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega. Composite reliability and average variance extracted showed better indices for a three-factor model. The research also showed evidence of measurement invariance across gender. All the factors of the final three-dimensional BES model were direct and significantly associated with social and normative adjustment, being most strongly related to cognitive empathy.ConclusionsThis research supports the advances in neuroscience, developmental psychology and psychopathology through a three-dimensional version of the BES, which represents an improvement in the original two-factorial model. The organisation of empathy in three factors benefits the understanding of social and normative adjustment in adolescents, in which emotional disengagement favours adjusted peer relationships. Psychoeducational interventions aimed at improving the quality of social life in schools should target these components of empathy.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</pub><pmid>28951400</pmid><doi>10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015347</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0292-2688</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adolescent Antisocial personality disorder Anxiety Behavior Child Child development Cross-Sectional Studies Emotional Intelligence Emotions Empathy Female Gender differences Humans Male Mental Health Models, Psychological Psychological Tests Psychology, Adolescent Psychometrics Reproducibility of Results Retrospective Studies Social Adjustment Spain Teenagers |
| title | Suitability of a three-dimensional model to measure empathy and its relationship with social and normative adjustment in Spanish adolescents: a cross-sectional study |
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