Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures
We demonstrate a method for determining the vitreous phase cryogenic temperature densities of aqueous mixtures, and other samples that require rapid cooling, to prepare the desired cryogenic temperature phase. Microliter to picoliter size drops are cooled by projection into a liquid nitrogen-argon (...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of Visualized Experiments 2017-06 (124) |
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| creator | Shen, Chen Julius, Ethan F. Tyree, Timothy J. Dan, Ritwik Moreau, David W. Thorne, Robert |
| description | We demonstrate a method for determining the vitreous phase cryogenic temperature densities of aqueous mixtures, and other samples that require rapid cooling, to prepare the desired cryogenic temperature phase. Microliter to picoliter size drops are cooled by projection into a liquid nitrogen-argon (N2-Ar) mixture. The cryogenic temperature phase of the drop is evaluated using a visual assay that correlates with X-ray diffraction measurements. The density of the liquid N2-Ar mixture is adjusted by adding N2 or Ar until the drop becomes neutrally buoyant. The density of this mixture and thus of the drop is determined using a test mass and Archimedes principle. With appropriate care in drop preparation, management of gas above the liquid cryogen mixture to minimize icing, and regular mixing of the cryogenic mixture to prevent density stratification and phase separation, densities accurate to |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3791/55761 |
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Microliter to picoliter size drops are cooled by projection into a liquid nitrogen-argon (N2-Ar) mixture. The cryogenic temperature phase of the drop is evaluated using a visual assay that correlates with X-ray diffraction measurements. The density of the liquid N2-Ar mixture is adjusted by adding N2 or Ar until the drop becomes neutrally buoyant. The density of this mixture and thus of the drop is determined using a test mass and Archimedes principle. With appropriate care in drop preparation, management of gas above the liquid cryogen mixture to minimize icing, and regular mixing of the cryogenic mixture to prevent density stratification and phase separation, densities accurate to <0.5% of drops as small as 50 pL can readily be determined. Measurements on aqueous cryoprotectant mixtures provide insight into cryoprotectant action, and provide quantitative data to facilitate thermal contraction matching in biological cryopreservation.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1940-087X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1940-087X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3791/55761</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28715388</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: MyJove Corporation</publisher><subject>Cold Temperature ; Cryopreservation - methods ; Cryoprotective Agents - therapeutic use ; Engineering ; Glass - chemistry ; Water - chemistry</subject><ispartof>Journal of Visualized Experiments, 2017-06 (124)</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2017, Journal of Visualized Experiments</rights><rights>Copyright © 2017, Journal of Visualized Experiments 2017</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Uhttps://www.jove.com/files/email_thumbs/55761.png</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608520/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608520/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,3842,27923,27924,53790,53792</link.rule.ids><linktorsrc>$$Uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.3791/55761$$EView_record_in_Journal_of_Visualized_Experiments$$FView_record_in_$$GJournal_of_Visualized_Experiments</linktorsrc><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28715388$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Shen, Chen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Julius, Ethan F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tyree, Timothy J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dan, Ritwik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moreau, David W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thorne, Robert</creatorcontrib><title>Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures</title><title>Journal of Visualized Experiments</title><addtitle>J Vis Exp</addtitle><description>We demonstrate a method for determining the vitreous phase cryogenic temperature densities of aqueous mixtures, and other samples that require rapid cooling, to prepare the desired cryogenic temperature phase. Microliter to picoliter size drops are cooled by projection into a liquid nitrogen-argon (N2-Ar) mixture. The cryogenic temperature phase of the drop is evaluated using a visual assay that correlates with X-ray diffraction measurements. The density of the liquid N2-Ar mixture is adjusted by adding N2 or Ar until the drop becomes neutrally buoyant. The density of this mixture and thus of the drop is determined using a test mass and Archimedes principle. With appropriate care in drop preparation, management of gas above the liquid cryogen mixture to minimize icing, and regular mixing of the cryogenic mixture to prevent density stratification and phase separation, densities accurate to <0.5% of drops as small as 50 pL can readily be determined. Measurements on aqueous cryoprotectant mixtures provide insight into cryoprotectant action, and provide quantitative data to facilitate thermal contraction matching in biological cryopreservation.</description><subject>Cold Temperature</subject><subject>Cryopreservation - methods</subject><subject>Cryoprotective Agents - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Engineering</subject><subject>Glass - chemistry</subject><subject>Water - chemistry</subject><issn>1940-087X</issn><issn>1940-087X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpVkMFOwzAMhiMEYmPsBTigXpC4FJKmadML0rTBQBriMiRuUZq6W6a2GUk7aW9PxsY0Trbsz7_tH6EhwQ80zcgjY2lCzlCfZDEOMU-_zk_yHrpyboVxEmHGL1Ev4ilhlPM-mryDdJ3VzSJolxBMoHG61eACUwaj7w5M54JpJZ3zJdkGY7s1C2i0CuZQr8HKtrPgrtFFKSsHw0McoM-X5_n4NZx9TN_Go1moaJy0YU54pqhfzQsZZzmNYn8DZUmclXkhOYtBFTnGBVNlXKYpMMwUlixJWcYp5REdoKe97rrLaygUNK2VlVhbXUu7FUZq8b_T6KVYmI1gCeYswl7g_iBgjX_OtaLWTkFVyWb3qSAZ5xGLSZR69G6PKmucs1Ae1xAsdo6LX8c9d3t605H6s9gDN3tgZTYgVqazjffoMP0DEEWD7A</recordid><startdate>20170628</startdate><enddate>20170628</enddate><creator>Shen, Chen</creator><creator>Julius, Ethan F.</creator><creator>Tyree, Timothy J.</creator><creator>Dan, Ritwik</creator><creator>Moreau, David W.</creator><creator>Thorne, Robert</creator><general>MyJove Corporation</general><scope>BHQUO</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20170628</creationdate><title>Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures</title><author>Shen, Chen ; Julius, Ethan F. ; Tyree, Timothy J. ; Dan, Ritwik ; Moreau, David W. ; Thorne, Robert</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c346t-b189c38718da49b32453835649fbda854ecdb00d5cf4f77e505c0a56759833823</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Cold Temperature</topic><topic>Cryopreservation - methods</topic><topic>Cryoprotective Agents - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Engineering</topic><topic>Glass - chemistry</topic><topic>Water - chemistry</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Shen, Chen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Julius, Ethan F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tyree, Timothy J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dan, Ritwik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moreau, David W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thorne, Robert</creatorcontrib><collection>JoVE Journal: Engineering</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of Visualized Experiments</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext_linktorsrc</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Shen, Chen</au><au>Julius, Ethan F.</au><au>Tyree, Timothy J.</au><au>Dan, Ritwik</au><au>Moreau, David W.</au><au>Thorne, Robert</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures</atitle><jtitle>Journal of Visualized Experiments</jtitle><addtitle>J Vis Exp</addtitle><date>2017-06-28</date><risdate>2017</risdate><issue>124</issue><issn>1940-087X</issn><eissn>1940-087X</eissn><abstract>We demonstrate a method for determining the vitreous phase cryogenic temperature densities of aqueous mixtures, and other samples that require rapid cooling, to prepare the desired cryogenic temperature phase. Microliter to picoliter size drops are cooled by projection into a liquid nitrogen-argon (N2-Ar) mixture. The cryogenic temperature phase of the drop is evaluated using a visual assay that correlates with X-ray diffraction measurements. The density of the liquid N2-Ar mixture is adjusted by adding N2 or Ar until the drop becomes neutrally buoyant. The density of this mixture and thus of the drop is determined using a test mass and Archimedes principle. With appropriate care in drop preparation, management of gas above the liquid cryogen mixture to minimize icing, and regular mixing of the cryogenic mixture to prevent density stratification and phase separation, densities accurate to <0.5% of drops as small as 50 pL can readily be determined. Measurements on aqueous cryoprotectant mixtures provide insight into cryoprotectant action, and provide quantitative data to facilitate thermal contraction matching in biological cryopreservation.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>MyJove Corporation</pub><pmid>28715388</pmid><doi>10.3791/55761</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Cold Temperature Cryopreservation - methods Cryoprotective Agents - therapeutic use Engineering Glass - chemistry Water - chemistry |
| title | Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures |
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