Smoking-Dependent Distal-to-Proximal Repatterning of the Adult Human Small Airway Epithelium

Small airways are the primary site of pathologic changes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the major smoking-induced lung disorder. On the basis of the concept of proximal-distal patterning that determines regional specialization of the airway epithelium during lung development, we hy...

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