Circadian misalignment affects sleep and medication use before and during spaceflight
Sleep deficiency and the use of sleep-promoting medication are prevalent during spaceflight. Operations frequently dictate work during the biological night and sleep during the biological day, which contribute to circadian misalignment. We investigated whether circadian misalignment was associated w...
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| description | Sleep deficiency and the use of sleep-promoting medication are prevalent during spaceflight. Operations frequently dictate work during the biological night and sleep during the biological day, which contribute to circadian misalignment. We investigated whether circadian misalignment was associated with adverse sleep outcomes before (preflight) and during spaceflight missions aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Actigraphy and photometry data for 21 astronauts were collected over 3,248 days of long-duration spaceflight on the ISS and 11 days prior to launch (
n
=231 days). Sleep logs, collected one out of every 3 weeks in flight and daily on Earth, were used to determine medication use and subjective ratings of sleep quality. Actigraphy and photometry data were processed using Circadian Performance Simulation Software to calculate the estimated endogenous circadian temperature minimum. Sleep episodes were classified as aligned or misaligned relative to the estimated endogenous circadian temperature minimum. Mixed-effects regression models accounting for repeated measures were computed by data collection interval (preflight, flight) and circadian alignment status. The estimated endogenous circadian temperature minimum occurred outside sleep episodes on 13% of sleep episodes during preflight and on 19% of sleep episodes during spaceflight. The mean sleep duration in low-Earth orbit on the ISS was 6.4±1.2 h during aligned and 5.4±1.4 h (
P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.19 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_5515517</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>4020802881</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c565t-bc632cf59f4fa6703fe4d559e2ec4b52eefba533a030320eb69621c9bb4c92db3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkUFr3DAQhUVoaUKae0_B0Esvu9VIlmxdCmVpm0Agl-QsJHm00WLLrmQH-u-j7SZhWygFgQTz5puneYR8ALoGytvPcdoN22Qe14yCWIM6IWeMN3zVUineHL1PyUXOO0op1LJVgr0jp6xtmGhAnZH7TUjOdMHEagjZ9GEbB4xzZbxHN-cq94hTZWJXDdgFZ-YwxmrJWFn0Y8LflW5JIW6rPBmHvhAe5vfkrTd9xovn-5zcf_92t7la3dz-uN58vVk5IcW8sk5y5rxQvvZGNpR7rDshFDJ0tRUM0VsjODeUU84oWqkkA6esrZ1ineXn5MuBOy22-HPFeTK9nlIYTPqlRxP0n5UYHvR2fNRCQDlNAXx6BqTx54J51mULDvveRByXrEExANYo2f5f2tIWoGZSFunHv6S7cUmxbEJD09KGAoU9kB5ULo05J_SvvoHqfcL6JWG9T7h4KS2Xx_99bXjJswjgIMjTPhNMR5P_BX0C5Gy11A</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1780701018</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Circadian misalignment affects sleep and medication use before and during spaceflight</title><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</source><source>Nature Free</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Flynn-Evans, Erin E ; Barger, Laura K ; Kubey, Alan A ; Sullivan, Jason P ; Czeisler, Charles A</creator><creatorcontrib>Flynn-Evans, Erin E ; Barger, Laura K ; Kubey, Alan A ; Sullivan, Jason P ; Czeisler, Charles A</creatorcontrib><description>Sleep deficiency and the use of sleep-promoting medication are prevalent during spaceflight. Operations frequently dictate work during the biological night and sleep during the biological day, which contribute to circadian misalignment. We investigated whether circadian misalignment was associated with adverse sleep outcomes before (preflight) and during spaceflight missions aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Actigraphy and photometry data for 21 astronauts were collected over 3,248 days of long-duration spaceflight on the ISS and 11 days prior to launch (
n
=231 days). Sleep logs, collected one out of every 3 weeks in flight and daily on Earth, were used to determine medication use and subjective ratings of sleep quality. Actigraphy and photometry data were processed using Circadian Performance Simulation Software to calculate the estimated endogenous circadian temperature minimum. Sleep episodes were classified as aligned or misaligned relative to the estimated endogenous circadian temperature minimum. Mixed-effects regression models accounting for repeated measures were computed by data collection interval (preflight, flight) and circadian alignment status. The estimated endogenous circadian temperature minimum occurred outside sleep episodes on 13% of sleep episodes during preflight and on 19% of sleep episodes during spaceflight. The mean sleep duration in low-Earth orbit on the ISS was 6.4±1.2 h during aligned and 5.4±1.4 h (
P
<0.01) during misaligned sleep episodes. During aligned sleep episodes, astronauts rated their sleep quality as significantly better than during misaligned sleep episodes (66.8±17.7 vs. 60.2±21.0,
P
<0.01). Sleep-promoting medication use was significantly higher during misaligned (24%) compared with aligned (11%) sleep episodes (
P
<0.01). Use of any medication was significantly higher on days when sleep episodes were misaligned (63%) compared with when sleep episodes were aligned (49%;
P
<0.01). Circadian misalignment is associated with sleep deficiency and increased medication use during spaceflight. These findings suggest that there is an immediate need to deploy and assess effective countermeasures to minimize circadian misalignment and consequent adverse sleep outcomes both before and during spaceflight.
Long space missions: Losing out on sleep
Astronauts on long-duration space missions lose sleep and experience misaligned circadian rhythm, say US scientists. Erin Flynn-Evans at NASA’s Ames Research Center in California and co-workers conducted the largest-ever study of sleep cycles during spaceflight, monitoring 21 astronauts both on Earth and during long stays on the International Space Station. They found that the body’s circadian rhythm—which normally responds to night and day through naturally restful and active phases—was commonly disrupted both immediately before and during spaceflight, with one out of every five sleep episodes disrupted. The team found that sleep disruption was particularly prevalent during critical mission operations, a finding that holds important safety implications. Shift work and a lack of natural light may be two factors influencing sleep disruption in space. Countermeasures such as improved lighting on spacecraft should be prioritized.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2373-8065</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2373-8065</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.19</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28725719</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher><subject>631/443 ; 692/308 ; Alignment ; Applied Microbiology ; Astronauts ; Biological ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biotechnology ; Classical and Continuum Physics ; Immunology ; International Space Station ; Life Sciences ; Misalignment ; Photometry ; Sleep ; Space Exploration and Astronautics ; Space flight ; Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics</subject><ispartof>NPJ microgravity, 2016-01, Vol.2 (1), p.15019-15019, Article 15019</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2016</rights><rights>Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jan 2016</rights><rights>Copyright © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c565t-bc632cf59f4fa6703fe4d559e2ec4b52eefba533a030320eb69621c9bb4c92db3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c565t-bc632cf59f4fa6703fe4d559e2ec4b52eefba533a030320eb69621c9bb4c92db3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5515517/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5515517/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,27924,27925,41120,42189,51576,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28725719$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Flynn-Evans, Erin E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barger, Laura K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kubey, Alan A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sullivan, Jason P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Czeisler, Charles A</creatorcontrib><title>Circadian misalignment affects sleep and medication use before and during spaceflight</title><title>NPJ microgravity</title><addtitle>npj Microgravity</addtitle><addtitle>NPJ Microgravity</addtitle><description>Sleep deficiency and the use of sleep-promoting medication are prevalent during spaceflight. Operations frequently dictate work during the biological night and sleep during the biological day, which contribute to circadian misalignment. We investigated whether circadian misalignment was associated with adverse sleep outcomes before (preflight) and during spaceflight missions aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Actigraphy and photometry data for 21 astronauts were collected over 3,248 days of long-duration spaceflight on the ISS and 11 days prior to launch (
n
=231 days). Sleep logs, collected one out of every 3 weeks in flight and daily on Earth, were used to determine medication use and subjective ratings of sleep quality. Actigraphy and photometry data were processed using Circadian Performance Simulation Software to calculate the estimated endogenous circadian temperature minimum. Sleep episodes were classified as aligned or misaligned relative to the estimated endogenous circadian temperature minimum. Mixed-effects regression models accounting for repeated measures were computed by data collection interval (preflight, flight) and circadian alignment status. The estimated endogenous circadian temperature minimum occurred outside sleep episodes on 13% of sleep episodes during preflight and on 19% of sleep episodes during spaceflight. The mean sleep duration in low-Earth orbit on the ISS was 6.4±1.2 h during aligned and 5.4±1.4 h (
P
<0.01) during misaligned sleep episodes. During aligned sleep episodes, astronauts rated their sleep quality as significantly better than during misaligned sleep episodes (66.8±17.7 vs. 60.2±21.0,
P
<0.01). Sleep-promoting medication use was significantly higher during misaligned (24%) compared with aligned (11%) sleep episodes (
P
<0.01). Use of any medication was significantly higher on days when sleep episodes were misaligned (63%) compared with when sleep episodes were aligned (49%;
P
<0.01). Circadian misalignment is associated with sleep deficiency and increased medication use during spaceflight. These findings suggest that there is an immediate need to deploy and assess effective countermeasures to minimize circadian misalignment and consequent adverse sleep outcomes both before and during spaceflight.
Long space missions: Losing out on sleep
Astronauts on long-duration space missions lose sleep and experience misaligned circadian rhythm, say US scientists. Erin Flynn-Evans at NASA’s Ames Research Center in California and co-workers conducted the largest-ever study of sleep cycles during spaceflight, monitoring 21 astronauts both on Earth and during long stays on the International Space Station. They found that the body’s circadian rhythm—which normally responds to night and day through naturally restful and active phases—was commonly disrupted both immediately before and during spaceflight, with one out of every five sleep episodes disrupted. The team found that sleep disruption was particularly prevalent during critical mission operations, a finding that holds important safety implications. Shift work and a lack of natural light may be two factors influencing sleep disruption in space. Countermeasures such as improved lighting on spacecraft should be prioritized.</description><subject>631/443</subject><subject>692/308</subject><subject>Alignment</subject><subject>Applied Microbiology</subject><subject>Astronauts</subject><subject>Biological</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biotechnology</subject><subject>Classical and Continuum Physics</subject><subject>Immunology</subject><subject>International Space Station</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Misalignment</subject><subject>Photometry</subject><subject>Sleep</subject><subject>Space Exploration and Astronautics</subject><subject>Space flight</subject><subject>Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics</subject><issn>2373-8065</issn><issn>2373-8065</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkUFr3DAQhUVoaUKae0_B0Esvu9VIlmxdCmVpm0Agl-QsJHm00WLLrmQH-u-j7SZhWygFgQTz5puneYR8ALoGytvPcdoN22Qe14yCWIM6IWeMN3zVUineHL1PyUXOO0op1LJVgr0jp6xtmGhAnZH7TUjOdMHEagjZ9GEbB4xzZbxHN-cq94hTZWJXDdgFZ-YwxmrJWFn0Y8LflW5JIW6rPBmHvhAe5vfkrTd9xovn-5zcf_92t7la3dz-uN58vVk5IcW8sk5y5rxQvvZGNpR7rDshFDJ0tRUM0VsjODeUU84oWqkkA6esrZ1ineXn5MuBOy22-HPFeTK9nlIYTPqlRxP0n5UYHvR2fNRCQDlNAXx6BqTx54J51mULDvveRByXrEExANYo2f5f2tIWoGZSFunHv6S7cUmxbEJD09KGAoU9kB5ULo05J_SvvoHqfcL6JWG9T7h4KS2Xx_99bXjJswjgIMjTPhNMR5P_BX0C5Gy11A</recordid><startdate>20160107</startdate><enddate>20160107</enddate><creator>Flynn-Evans, Erin E</creator><creator>Barger, Laura K</creator><creator>Kubey, Alan A</creator><creator>Sullivan, Jason P</creator><creator>Czeisler, Charles A</creator><general>Nature Publishing Group UK</general><general>Nature Publishing Group</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20160107</creationdate><title>Circadian misalignment affects sleep and medication use before and during spaceflight</title><author>Flynn-Evans, Erin E ; Barger, Laura K ; Kubey, Alan A ; Sullivan, Jason P ; Czeisler, Charles A</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c565t-bc632cf59f4fa6703fe4d559e2ec4b52eefba533a030320eb69621c9bb4c92db3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>631/443</topic><topic>692/308</topic><topic>Alignment</topic><topic>Applied Microbiology</topic><topic>Astronauts</topic><topic>Biological</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biotechnology</topic><topic>Classical and Continuum Physics</topic><topic>Immunology</topic><topic>International Space Station</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Misalignment</topic><topic>Photometry</topic><topic>Sleep</topic><topic>Space Exploration and Astronautics</topic><topic>Space flight</topic><topic>Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Flynn-Evans, Erin E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barger, Laura K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kubey, Alan A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sullivan, Jason P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Czeisler, Charles A</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>NPJ microgravity</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Flynn-Evans, Erin E</au><au>Barger, Laura K</au><au>Kubey, Alan A</au><au>Sullivan, Jason P</au><au>Czeisler, Charles A</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Circadian misalignment affects sleep and medication use before and during spaceflight</atitle><jtitle>NPJ microgravity</jtitle><stitle>npj Microgravity</stitle><addtitle>NPJ Microgravity</addtitle><date>2016-01-07</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>2</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>15019</spage><epage>15019</epage><pages>15019-15019</pages><artnum>15019</artnum><issn>2373-8065</issn><eissn>2373-8065</eissn><abstract>Sleep deficiency and the use of sleep-promoting medication are prevalent during spaceflight. Operations frequently dictate work during the biological night and sleep during the biological day, which contribute to circadian misalignment. We investigated whether circadian misalignment was associated with adverse sleep outcomes before (preflight) and during spaceflight missions aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Actigraphy and photometry data for 21 astronauts were collected over 3,248 days of long-duration spaceflight on the ISS and 11 days prior to launch (
n
=231 days). Sleep logs, collected one out of every 3 weeks in flight and daily on Earth, were used to determine medication use and subjective ratings of sleep quality. Actigraphy and photometry data were processed using Circadian Performance Simulation Software to calculate the estimated endogenous circadian temperature minimum. Sleep episodes were classified as aligned or misaligned relative to the estimated endogenous circadian temperature minimum. Mixed-effects regression models accounting for repeated measures were computed by data collection interval (preflight, flight) and circadian alignment status. The estimated endogenous circadian temperature minimum occurred outside sleep episodes on 13% of sleep episodes during preflight and on 19% of sleep episodes during spaceflight. The mean sleep duration in low-Earth orbit on the ISS was 6.4±1.2 h during aligned and 5.4±1.4 h (
P
<0.01) during misaligned sleep episodes. During aligned sleep episodes, astronauts rated their sleep quality as significantly better than during misaligned sleep episodes (66.8±17.7 vs. 60.2±21.0,
P
<0.01). Sleep-promoting medication use was significantly higher during misaligned (24%) compared with aligned (11%) sleep episodes (
P
<0.01). Use of any medication was significantly higher on days when sleep episodes were misaligned (63%) compared with when sleep episodes were aligned (49%;
P
<0.01). Circadian misalignment is associated with sleep deficiency and increased medication use during spaceflight. These findings suggest that there is an immediate need to deploy and assess effective countermeasures to minimize circadian misalignment and consequent adverse sleep outcomes both before and during spaceflight.
Long space missions: Losing out on sleep
Astronauts on long-duration space missions lose sleep and experience misaligned circadian rhythm, say US scientists. Erin Flynn-Evans at NASA’s Ames Research Center in California and co-workers conducted the largest-ever study of sleep cycles during spaceflight, monitoring 21 astronauts both on Earth and during long stays on the International Space Station. They found that the body’s circadian rhythm—which normally responds to night and day through naturally restful and active phases—was commonly disrupted both immediately before and during spaceflight, with one out of every five sleep episodes disrupted. The team found that sleep disruption was particularly prevalent during critical mission operations, a finding that holds important safety implications. Shift work and a lack of natural light may be two factors influencing sleep disruption in space. Countermeasures such as improved lighting on spacecraft should be prioritized.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group UK</pub><pmid>28725719</pmid><doi>10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.19</doi><tpages>1</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Springer Nature OA Free Journals; Nature Free; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central |
| subjects | 631/443 692/308 Alignment Applied Microbiology Astronauts Biological Biomedical and Life Sciences Biotechnology Classical and Continuum Physics Immunology International Space Station Life Sciences Misalignment Photometry Sleep Space Exploration and Astronautics Space flight Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics |
| title | Circadian misalignment affects sleep and medication use before and during spaceflight |
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