The Diagnostic Utility of Induced Sputum Microscopy and Culture in Childhood Pneumonia
Background. Sputum microscopy and culture are commonly used for diagnosing the cause of pneumonia in adults but are rarely performed in children due to difficulties in obtaining specimens. Induced sputum is occasionally used to investigate lower respiratory infections in children but has not been wi...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Clinical infectious diseases 2017-06, Vol.64 (suppl_3), p.S280-S288 |
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| creator | Murdoch, David R. Morpeth, Susan C. Hammitt, Laura L. Driscoll, Amanda J. Watson, Nora L. Baggett, Henry C. Brooks, W. Abdullah Knoll, Maria Deloria Feikin, Daniel R. Kotloff, Karen L. Levine, Orin S. Madhi, Shabir A. O'Brien, Katherine L. Scott, J. Anthony G. Thea, Donald M. Adrian, Peter V. Ahmed, Dilruba Alam, Muntasir Awori, Juliet O. DeLuca, Andrea N. Higdon, Melissa M. Karron, Ruth A. Kwenda, Geoffrey Machuka, Eunice M. Makprasert, Sirirat McLellan, Jessica Moore, David P. Mwaba, John Mwarumba, Salim Park, Daniel E. Prosperi, Christine Sangwichian, Ornuma Sissoko, Seydou Tapia, Milagritos D. Zeger, Scott L. Howie, Stephen R. C. |
| description | Background. Sputum microscopy and culture are commonly used for diagnosing the cause of pneumonia in adults but are rarely performed in children due to difficulties in obtaining specimens. Induced sputum is occasionally used to investigate lower respiratory infections in children but has not been widely used in pneumonia etiology studies. Methods. We evaluated the diagnostic utility of induced sputum microscopy and culture in patients enrolled in the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) study, a large study of community-acquired pneumonia in children aged 1–59 months. Comparisons were made between induced sputum samples from hospitalized children with radiographically confirmed pneumonia and children categorized as nonpneumonia (due to the absence of prespecified clinical and laboratory signs and absence of infiltrate on chest radiograph). Results. One induced sputum sample was available for analysis from 3772 (89.1%) of 4232 suspected pneumonia cases enrolled in PERCH. Of these, sputum from 2608 (69.1%) met the quality criterion of |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1093/cid/cix090 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>jstor_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_5447842</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><jstor_id>26374796</jstor_id><sourcerecordid>26374796</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c466t-77d0067b082d6ca2b2ac7e2d120c62ae6193edc65ab8782f715d65b4523cbf163</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpVkdtLHTEQxkOp1Ev74ruSRylszWVz2ZeCHGsVFAvVvoZskvVEdpPjJime_97IsVYfhhmYH98M3wfAPkbfMOrosfG21iPq0AewgxkVDWcd_lhnxGTTSiq3wW5K9whhLBH7BLaJZIJRTnbAn5ulg6de34WYsjfwNvvR5zWMA7wIthhn4e9VyWWCV97MMZm4WkMdLFyUMZfZQR_gYulHu4zRwl_BlSkGrz-DrUGPyX156Xvg9uzHzeK8ubz-ebE4uWxMy3luhLAIcdEjSSw3mvREG-GIxQQZTrTjuKPOGs50L4Ukg8DMcta3jFDTD5jTPfB9o7sq_VRJF_KsR7Wa_aTntYraq_eb4JfqLv5VrG2FbEkVOHoRmONDcSmrySfjxlEHF0tSuENM0OohrujXDfrsQ5rd8HoGI_UchKpBqE0QFT58-9gr-s_5ChxsgPuU4_x_z6loRcfpE3N5j-4</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1905734831</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>The Diagnostic Utility of Induced Sputum Microscopy and Culture in Childhood Pneumonia</title><source>Jstor Complete Legacy</source><source>Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current)</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Murdoch, David R. ; Morpeth, Susan C. ; Hammitt, Laura L. ; Driscoll, Amanda J. ; Watson, Nora L. ; Baggett, Henry C. ; Brooks, W. Abdullah ; Knoll, Maria Deloria ; Feikin, Daniel R. ; Kotloff, Karen L. ; Levine, Orin S. ; Madhi, Shabir A. ; O'Brien, Katherine L. ; Scott, J. Anthony G. ; Thea, Donald M. ; Adrian, Peter V. ; Ahmed, Dilruba ; Alam, Muntasir ; Awori, Juliet O. ; DeLuca, Andrea N. ; Higdon, Melissa M. ; Karron, Ruth A. ; Kwenda, Geoffrey ; Machuka, Eunice M. ; Makprasert, Sirirat ; McLellan, Jessica ; Moore, David P. ; Mwaba, John ; Mwarumba, Salim ; Park, Daniel E. ; Prosperi, Christine ; Sangwichian, Ornuma ; Sissoko, Seydou ; Tapia, Milagritos D. ; Zeger, Scott L. ; Howie, Stephen R. C.</creator><creatorcontrib>Murdoch, David R. ; Morpeth, Susan C. ; Hammitt, Laura L. ; Driscoll, Amanda J. ; Watson, Nora L. ; Baggett, Henry C. ; Brooks, W. Abdullah ; Knoll, Maria Deloria ; Feikin, Daniel R. ; Kotloff, Karen L. ; Levine, Orin S. ; Madhi, Shabir A. ; O'Brien, Katherine L. ; Scott, J. Anthony G. ; Thea, Donald M. ; Adrian, Peter V. ; Ahmed, Dilruba ; Alam, Muntasir ; Awori, Juliet O. ; DeLuca, Andrea N. ; Higdon, Melissa M. ; Karron, Ruth A. ; Kwenda, Geoffrey ; Machuka, Eunice M. ; Makprasert, Sirirat ; McLellan, Jessica ; Moore, David P. ; Mwaba, John ; Mwarumba, Salim ; Park, Daniel E. ; Prosperi, Christine ; Sangwichian, Ornuma ; Sissoko, Seydou ; Tapia, Milagritos D. ; Zeger, Scott L. ; Howie, Stephen R. C. ; PERCH Study Group ; PERCH Study Group</creatorcontrib><description>Background. Sputum microscopy and culture are commonly used for diagnosing the cause of pneumonia in adults but are rarely performed in children due to difficulties in obtaining specimens. Induced sputum is occasionally used to investigate lower respiratory infections in children but has not been widely used in pneumonia etiology studies. Methods. We evaluated the diagnostic utility of induced sputum microscopy and culture in patients enrolled in the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) study, a large study of community-acquired pneumonia in children aged 1–59 months. Comparisons were made between induced sputum samples from hospitalized children with radiographically confirmed pneumonia and children categorized as nonpneumonia (due to the absence of prespecified clinical and laboratory signs and absence of infiltrate on chest radiograph). Results. One induced sputum sample was available for analysis from 3772 (89.1%) of 4232 suspected pneumonia cases enrolled in PERCH. Of these, sputum from 2608 (69.1%) met the quality criterion of <10 squamous epithelial cells per low-power field, and 1162 (44.6%) had radiographic pneumonia. Induced sputum microscopy and culture results were not associated with radiographic pneumonia, regardless of prior antibiotic use, stratification by specific bacteria, or interpretative criteria used. Conclusions. The findings of this study do not support the culture of induced sputum specimens as a diagnostic tool for pneumonia in young children as part of routine clinical practice.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1058-4838</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1537-6591</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix090</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28575362</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Adult ; Bacteria - isolation & purification ; Bacteria - ultrastructure ; Child, Preschool ; Community-Acquired Infections - diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Microscopy - methods ; Pneumonia - diagnosis ; Pneumonia - etiology ; Pneumonia - microbiology ; Pneumonia, Bacterial - diagnosis ; Pneumonia, Bacterial - microbiology ; Preparatory Analyses ; Respiratory Tract Infections - diagnosis ; Respiratory Tract Infections - microbiology ; Sputum - microbiology ; Supplement</subject><ispartof>Clinical infectious diseases, 2017-06, Vol.64 (suppl_3), p.S280-S288</ispartof><rights>The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America.</rights><rights>The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2017</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c466t-77d0067b082d6ca2b2ac7e2d120c62ae6193edc65ab8782f715d65b4523cbf163</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c466t-77d0067b082d6ca2b2ac7e2d120c62ae6193edc65ab8782f715d65b4523cbf163</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26374796$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/26374796$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,799,881,27901,27902,57992,58225</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28575362$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Murdoch, David R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morpeth, Susan C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hammitt, Laura L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Driscoll, Amanda J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Watson, Nora L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baggett, Henry C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brooks, W. Abdullah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Knoll, Maria Deloria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Feikin, Daniel R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kotloff, Karen L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Levine, Orin S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Madhi, Shabir A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>O'Brien, Katherine L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scott, J. Anthony G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thea, Donald M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Adrian, Peter V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahmed, Dilruba</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alam, Muntasir</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Awori, Juliet O.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>DeLuca, Andrea N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Higdon, Melissa M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Karron, Ruth A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kwenda, Geoffrey</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Machuka, Eunice M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Makprasert, Sirirat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McLellan, Jessica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moore, David P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mwaba, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mwarumba, Salim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Daniel E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prosperi, Christine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sangwichian, Ornuma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sissoko, Seydou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tapia, Milagritos D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zeger, Scott L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Howie, Stephen R. C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>PERCH Study Group</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>PERCH Study Group</creatorcontrib><title>The Diagnostic Utility of Induced Sputum Microscopy and Culture in Childhood Pneumonia</title><title>Clinical infectious diseases</title><addtitle>Clin Infect Dis</addtitle><description>Background. Sputum microscopy and culture are commonly used for diagnosing the cause of pneumonia in adults but are rarely performed in children due to difficulties in obtaining specimens. Induced sputum is occasionally used to investigate lower respiratory infections in children but has not been widely used in pneumonia etiology studies. Methods. We evaluated the diagnostic utility of induced sputum microscopy and culture in patients enrolled in the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) study, a large study of community-acquired pneumonia in children aged 1–59 months. Comparisons were made between induced sputum samples from hospitalized children with radiographically confirmed pneumonia and children categorized as nonpneumonia (due to the absence of prespecified clinical and laboratory signs and absence of infiltrate on chest radiograph). Results. One induced sputum sample was available for analysis from 3772 (89.1%) of 4232 suspected pneumonia cases enrolled in PERCH. Of these, sputum from 2608 (69.1%) met the quality criterion of <10 squamous epithelial cells per low-power field, and 1162 (44.6%) had radiographic pneumonia. Induced sputum microscopy and culture results were not associated with radiographic pneumonia, regardless of prior antibiotic use, stratification by specific bacteria, or interpretative criteria used. Conclusions. The findings of this study do not support the culture of induced sputum specimens as a diagnostic tool for pneumonia in young children as part of routine clinical practice.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Bacteria - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Bacteria - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Community-Acquired Infections - diagnosis</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Infant, Newborn</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Microscopy - methods</subject><subject>Pneumonia - diagnosis</subject><subject>Pneumonia - etiology</subject><subject>Pneumonia - microbiology</subject><subject>Pneumonia, Bacterial - diagnosis</subject><subject>Pneumonia, Bacterial - microbiology</subject><subject>Preparatory Analyses</subject><subject>Respiratory Tract Infections - diagnosis</subject><subject>Respiratory Tract Infections - microbiology</subject><subject>Sputum - microbiology</subject><subject>Supplement</subject><issn>1058-4838</issn><issn>1537-6591</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpVkdtLHTEQxkOp1Ev74ruSRylszWVz2ZeCHGsVFAvVvoZskvVEdpPjJime_97IsVYfhhmYH98M3wfAPkbfMOrosfG21iPq0AewgxkVDWcd_lhnxGTTSiq3wW5K9whhLBH7BLaJZIJRTnbAn5ulg6de34WYsjfwNvvR5zWMA7wIthhn4e9VyWWCV97MMZm4WkMdLFyUMZfZQR_gYulHu4zRwl_BlSkGrz-DrUGPyX156Xvg9uzHzeK8ubz-ebE4uWxMy3luhLAIcdEjSSw3mvREG-GIxQQZTrTjuKPOGs50L4Ukg8DMcta3jFDTD5jTPfB9o7sq_VRJF_KsR7Wa_aTntYraq_eb4JfqLv5VrG2FbEkVOHoRmONDcSmrySfjxlEHF0tSuENM0OohrujXDfrsQ5rd8HoGI_UchKpBqE0QFT58-9gr-s_5ChxsgPuU4_x_z6loRcfpE3N5j-4</recordid><startdate>20170615</startdate><enddate>20170615</enddate><creator>Murdoch, David R.</creator><creator>Morpeth, Susan C.</creator><creator>Hammitt, Laura L.</creator><creator>Driscoll, Amanda J.</creator><creator>Watson, Nora L.</creator><creator>Baggett, Henry C.</creator><creator>Brooks, W. Abdullah</creator><creator>Knoll, Maria Deloria</creator><creator>Feikin, Daniel R.</creator><creator>Kotloff, Karen L.</creator><creator>Levine, Orin S.</creator><creator>Madhi, Shabir A.</creator><creator>O'Brien, Katherine L.</creator><creator>Scott, J. Anthony G.</creator><creator>Thea, Donald M.</creator><creator>Adrian, Peter V.</creator><creator>Ahmed, Dilruba</creator><creator>Alam, Muntasir</creator><creator>Awori, Juliet O.</creator><creator>DeLuca, Andrea N.</creator><creator>Higdon, Melissa M.</creator><creator>Karron, Ruth A.</creator><creator>Kwenda, Geoffrey</creator><creator>Machuka, Eunice M.</creator><creator>Makprasert, Sirirat</creator><creator>McLellan, Jessica</creator><creator>Moore, David P.</creator><creator>Mwaba, John</creator><creator>Mwarumba, Salim</creator><creator>Park, Daniel E.</creator><creator>Prosperi, Christine</creator><creator>Sangwichian, Ornuma</creator><creator>Sissoko, Seydou</creator><creator>Tapia, Milagritos D.</creator><creator>Zeger, Scott L.</creator><creator>Howie, Stephen R. C.</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20170615</creationdate><title>The Diagnostic Utility of Induced Sputum Microscopy and Culture in Childhood Pneumonia</title><author>Murdoch, David R. ; Morpeth, Susan C. ; Hammitt, Laura L. ; Driscoll, Amanda J. ; Watson, Nora L. ; Baggett, Henry C. ; Brooks, W. Abdullah ; Knoll, Maria Deloria ; Feikin, Daniel R. ; Kotloff, Karen L. ; Levine, Orin S. ; Madhi, Shabir A. ; O'Brien, Katherine L. ; Scott, J. Anthony G. ; Thea, Donald M. ; Adrian, Peter V. ; Ahmed, Dilruba ; Alam, Muntasir ; Awori, Juliet O. ; DeLuca, Andrea N. ; Higdon, Melissa M. ; Karron, Ruth A. ; Kwenda, Geoffrey ; Machuka, Eunice M. ; Makprasert, Sirirat ; McLellan, Jessica ; Moore, David P. ; Mwaba, John ; Mwarumba, Salim ; Park, Daniel E. ; Prosperi, Christine ; Sangwichian, Ornuma ; Sissoko, Seydou ; Tapia, Milagritos D. ; Zeger, Scott L. ; Howie, Stephen R. 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Abdullah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Knoll, Maria Deloria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Feikin, Daniel R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kotloff, Karen L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Levine, Orin S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Madhi, Shabir A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>O'Brien, Katherine L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scott, J. 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C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>PERCH Study Group</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>PERCH Study Group</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Clinical infectious diseases</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Murdoch, David R.</au><au>Morpeth, Susan C.</au><au>Hammitt, Laura L.</au><au>Driscoll, Amanda J.</au><au>Watson, Nora L.</au><au>Baggett, Henry C.</au><au>Brooks, W. Abdullah</au><au>Knoll, Maria Deloria</au><au>Feikin, Daniel R.</au><au>Kotloff, Karen L.</au><au>Levine, Orin S.</au><au>Madhi, Shabir A.</au><au>O'Brien, Katherine L.</au><au>Scott, J. Anthony G.</au><au>Thea, Donald M.</au><au>Adrian, Peter V.</au><au>Ahmed, Dilruba</au><au>Alam, Muntasir</au><au>Awori, Juliet O.</au><au>DeLuca, Andrea N.</au><au>Higdon, Melissa M.</au><au>Karron, Ruth A.</au><au>Kwenda, Geoffrey</au><au>Machuka, Eunice M.</au><au>Makprasert, Sirirat</au><au>McLellan, Jessica</au><au>Moore, David P.</au><au>Mwaba, John</au><au>Mwarumba, Salim</au><au>Park, Daniel E.</au><au>Prosperi, Christine</au><au>Sangwichian, Ornuma</au><au>Sissoko, Seydou</au><au>Tapia, Milagritos D.</au><au>Zeger, Scott L.</au><au>Howie, Stephen R. C.</au><aucorp>PERCH Study Group</aucorp><aucorp>PERCH Study Group</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Diagnostic Utility of Induced Sputum Microscopy and Culture in Childhood Pneumonia</atitle><jtitle>Clinical infectious diseases</jtitle><addtitle>Clin Infect Dis</addtitle><date>2017-06-15</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>64</volume><issue>suppl_3</issue><spage>S280</spage><epage>S288</epage><pages>S280-S288</pages><issn>1058-4838</issn><eissn>1537-6591</eissn><abstract>Background. Sputum microscopy and culture are commonly used for diagnosing the cause of pneumonia in adults but are rarely performed in children due to difficulties in obtaining specimens. Induced sputum is occasionally used to investigate lower respiratory infections in children but has not been widely used in pneumonia etiology studies. Methods. We evaluated the diagnostic utility of induced sputum microscopy and culture in patients enrolled in the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) study, a large study of community-acquired pneumonia in children aged 1–59 months. Comparisons were made between induced sputum samples from hospitalized children with radiographically confirmed pneumonia and children categorized as nonpneumonia (due to the absence of prespecified clinical and laboratory signs and absence of infiltrate on chest radiograph). Results. One induced sputum sample was available for analysis from 3772 (89.1%) of 4232 suspected pneumonia cases enrolled in PERCH. Of these, sputum from 2608 (69.1%) met the quality criterion of <10 squamous epithelial cells per low-power field, and 1162 (44.6%) had radiographic pneumonia. Induced sputum microscopy and culture results were not associated with radiographic pneumonia, regardless of prior antibiotic use, stratification by specific bacteria, or interpretative criteria used. Conclusions. The findings of this study do not support the culture of induced sputum specimens as a diagnostic tool for pneumonia in young children as part of routine clinical practice.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>28575362</pmid><doi>10.1093/cid/cix090</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Clinical infectious diseases, 2017-06, Vol.64 (suppl_3), p.S280-S288 |
| issn | 1058-4838 1537-6591 |
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| source | Jstor Complete Legacy; Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current); MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Adult Bacteria - isolation & purification Bacteria - ultrastructure Child, Preschool Community-Acquired Infections - diagnosis Female Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Male Microscopy - methods Pneumonia - diagnosis Pneumonia - etiology Pneumonia - microbiology Pneumonia, Bacterial - diagnosis Pneumonia, Bacterial - microbiology Preparatory Analyses Respiratory Tract Infections - diagnosis Respiratory Tract Infections - microbiology Sputum - microbiology Supplement |
| title | The Diagnostic Utility of Induced Sputum Microscopy and Culture in Childhood Pneumonia |
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