The obese brain as a heritable phenotype: a combined morphometry and twin study
Background: Body weight and adiposity are heritable traits. To date, it remains unknown whether obesity-associated brain structural alterations are under a similar level of genetic control. Methods: For this study, we utilized magnetic resonance imaging data from the Human Connectome Project. Voxel-...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International Journal of Obesity 2017-03, Vol.41 (3), p.458-466 |
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| creator | Weise, C M Piaggi, P Reinhardt, M Chen, K Savage, C R Krakoff, J Pleger, B |
| description | Background:
Body weight and adiposity are heritable traits. To date, it remains unknown whether obesity-associated brain structural alterations are under a similar level of genetic control.
Methods:
For this study, we utilized magnetic resonance imaging data from the Human Connectome Project. Voxel-based morphometry was used to investigate associations between body mass index (BMI) and regional gray matter volume (GMV) in a sample of 875 young adults with a wide BMI range (386 males/489 females; age 28.8±3.7 years; BMI 26.6±5.3 kg m
−2
) that included 86 pairs of monozygotic twins and 82 pairs of dizygotic twins. Twin data were analyzed by applying the additive genetic, common environmental and residual effects model to determine heritability of brain regions that were associated with BMI.
Results:
We observed positive associations between BMI and GMV in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the right cerebellum and widespread negative associations within the prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, temporal lobes and distinct subcortical structures. Varying degrees of heritability were found for BMI-associated brain regions, with the highest heritability estimates for cerebellar GMV and subcortical structures.
Conclusions:
These data indicate that brain regions associated with obesity are subject to differing levels of genetic control and environmental influences. Specific brain regions with high heritability might represent an inherent vulnerability factor for obesity. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/ijo.2016.222 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_5402354</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A689285531</galeid><sourcerecordid>A689285531</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c629t-4363ba676c7279a15498e0e7dafb3c6ee3388c9b230bf078d8fe06e9f419f7423</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNktuL1DAUxoso7rj65rMUBPHBjrlf9kFYFm-wsC_rc0jb02mHNqlJqsx_b4ZZ11mRwadAzi_f-c7JVxQvMVpjRNX7YevXBGGxJoQ8KlaYSVFxpuXjYoUokhXigp8Vz2LcIoQ4R-RpcUakxkIrvipubnsofQ0RyjrYwZU2lrbsIQzJ1iOUcw_Op90MF_m68VM9OGjLyYe59xOksCuta8v0M7-MaWl3z4snnR0jvLg7z4tvnz7eXn2prm8-f726vK4aQXSqGBW0tkKKRmYvFmfDChDI1nY1bQQApUo1uiYU1R2SqlUdIAG6Y1h3khF6Xnw46M5LPUHbgEvBjmYOw2TDzng7mIcVN_Rm438YzhChnGWBt3cCwX9fICYzDbGBcbQO_BINVlIqLDXT_4EygYjgRGT09V_o1i_B5U0YIjDnRDPCTlG5LZNYCYL_UBs7ghlc5_Mgzb61uRRKE8U5PU0xxYiUFO99vTmierBj6qMflzR4Fx_KnQSPFd8dwCb4GAN097vHyOyDaXIwzT6YJgcz46-O_-se_p3EDFQHIOaS20A42sm_BH8B7XHoCg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1874718621</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>The obese brain as a heritable phenotype: a combined morphometry and twin study</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerLink Journals</source><source>Nature Journals Online</source><creator>Weise, C M ; Piaggi, P ; Reinhardt, M ; Chen, K ; Savage, C R ; Krakoff, J ; Pleger, B</creator><creatorcontrib>Weise, C M ; Piaggi, P ; Reinhardt, M ; Chen, K ; Savage, C R ; Krakoff, J ; Pleger, B</creatorcontrib><description>Background:
Body weight and adiposity are heritable traits. To date, it remains unknown whether obesity-associated brain structural alterations are under a similar level of genetic control.
Methods:
For this study, we utilized magnetic resonance imaging data from the Human Connectome Project. Voxel-based morphometry was used to investigate associations between body mass index (BMI) and regional gray matter volume (GMV) in a sample of 875 young adults with a wide BMI range (386 males/489 females; age 28.8±3.7 years; BMI 26.6±5.3 kg m
−2
) that included 86 pairs of monozygotic twins and 82 pairs of dizygotic twins. Twin data were analyzed by applying the additive genetic, common environmental and residual effects model to determine heritability of brain regions that were associated with BMI.
Results:
We observed positive associations between BMI and GMV in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the right cerebellum and widespread negative associations within the prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, temporal lobes and distinct subcortical structures. Varying degrees of heritability were found for BMI-associated brain regions, with the highest heritability estimates for cerebellar GMV and subcortical structures.
Conclusions:
These data indicate that brain regions associated with obesity are subject to differing levels of genetic control and environmental influences. Specific brain regions with high heritability might represent an inherent vulnerability factor for obesity.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0307-0565</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1476-5497</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.222</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27916985</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher><subject>59/57 ; 631/208/2489 ; 692/163/2743/393 ; 692/698/1688/1366 ; 692/699/1702/393 ; 692/700/139/2818 ; Addictive behaviors ; Adipose tissue ; Adiposity ; Adult ; Body mass index ; Body size ; Body weight ; Brain ; Brain - pathology ; Brain research ; Cerebellum ; Diabetes ; Eating behavior ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Genetic aspects ; Genetic control ; Genotype & phenotype ; Gray Matter - anatomy & histology ; Gray Matter - pathology ; Health aspects ; Health Promotion and Disease Prevention ; Heritability ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Internal Medicine ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Medical imaging ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Metabolic Diseases ; Morphometrics (Biology) ; Morphometry ; Neuroimaging ; Neurology ; Obesity ; Obesity - genetics ; Obesity - pathology ; Obesity - physiopathology ; original-article ; Phenotype ; Phenotypes ; Prefrontal cortex ; Public Health ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Residual effects ; Risk factors ; Siblings ; Substantia grisea ; Temporal lobe ; Twin studies ; Twins ; Twins, Dizygotic ; Twins, Monozygotic ; Young adults</subject><ispartof>International Journal of Obesity, 2017-03, Vol.41 (3), p.458-466</ispartof><rights>Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. 2017</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2017 Nature Publishing Group</rights><rights>Copyright Nature Publishing Group Mar 2017</rights><rights>Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. 2017.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c629t-4363ba676c7279a15498e0e7dafb3c6ee3388c9b230bf078d8fe06e9f419f7423</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c629t-4363ba676c7279a15498e0e7dafb3c6ee3388c9b230bf078d8fe06e9f419f7423</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1038/ijo.2016.222$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1038/ijo.2016.222$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27916985$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Weise, C M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Piaggi, P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reinhardt, M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Savage, C R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krakoff, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pleger, B</creatorcontrib><title>The obese brain as a heritable phenotype: a combined morphometry and twin study</title><title>International Journal of Obesity</title><addtitle>Int J Obes</addtitle><addtitle>Int J Obes (Lond)</addtitle><description>Background:
Body weight and adiposity are heritable traits. To date, it remains unknown whether obesity-associated brain structural alterations are under a similar level of genetic control.
Methods:
For this study, we utilized magnetic resonance imaging data from the Human Connectome Project. Voxel-based morphometry was used to investigate associations between body mass index (BMI) and regional gray matter volume (GMV) in a sample of 875 young adults with a wide BMI range (386 males/489 females; age 28.8±3.7 years; BMI 26.6±5.3 kg m
−2
) that included 86 pairs of monozygotic twins and 82 pairs of dizygotic twins. Twin data were analyzed by applying the additive genetic, common environmental and residual effects model to determine heritability of brain regions that were associated with BMI.
Results:
We observed positive associations between BMI and GMV in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the right cerebellum and widespread negative associations within the prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, temporal lobes and distinct subcortical structures. Varying degrees of heritability were found for BMI-associated brain regions, with the highest heritability estimates for cerebellar GMV and subcortical structures.
Conclusions:
These data indicate that brain regions associated with obesity are subject to differing levels of genetic control and environmental influences. Specific brain regions with high heritability might represent an inherent vulnerability factor for obesity.</description><subject>59/57</subject><subject>631/208/2489</subject><subject>692/163/2743/393</subject><subject>692/698/1688/1366</subject><subject>692/699/1702/393</subject><subject>692/700/139/2818</subject><subject>Addictive behaviors</subject><subject>Adipose tissue</subject><subject>Adiposity</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Body mass index</subject><subject>Body size</subject><subject>Body weight</subject><subject>Brain</subject><subject>Brain - pathology</subject><subject>Brain research</subject><subject>Cerebellum</subject><subject>Diabetes</subject><subject>Eating behavior</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Genetic aspects</subject><subject>Genetic control</subject><subject>Genotype & phenotype</subject><subject>Gray Matter - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Gray Matter - pathology</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health Promotion and Disease Prevention</subject><subject>Heritability</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</subject><subject>Internal Medicine</subject><subject>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical imaging</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Metabolic Diseases</subject><subject>Morphometrics (Biology)</subject><subject>Morphometry</subject><subject>Neuroimaging</subject><subject>Neurology</subject><subject>Obesity</subject><subject>Obesity - genetics</subject><subject>Obesity - pathology</subject><subject>Obesity - physiopathology</subject><subject>original-article</subject><subject>Phenotype</subject><subject>Phenotypes</subject><subject>Prefrontal cortex</subject><subject>Public Health</subject><subject>Quantitative Trait, Heritable</subject><subject>Residual effects</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Siblings</subject><subject>Substantia grisea</subject><subject>Temporal lobe</subject><subject>Twin studies</subject><subject>Twins</subject><subject>Twins, Dizygotic</subject><subject>Twins, Monozygotic</subject><subject>Young adults</subject><issn>0307-0565</issn><issn>1476-5497</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqNktuL1DAUxoso7rj65rMUBPHBjrlf9kFYFm-wsC_rc0jb02mHNqlJqsx_b4ZZ11mRwadAzi_f-c7JVxQvMVpjRNX7YevXBGGxJoQ8KlaYSVFxpuXjYoUokhXigp8Vz2LcIoQ4R-RpcUakxkIrvipubnsofQ0RyjrYwZU2lrbsIQzJ1iOUcw_Op90MF_m68VM9OGjLyYe59xOksCuta8v0M7-MaWl3z4snnR0jvLg7z4tvnz7eXn2prm8-f726vK4aQXSqGBW0tkKKRmYvFmfDChDI1nY1bQQApUo1uiYU1R2SqlUdIAG6Y1h3khF6Xnw46M5LPUHbgEvBjmYOw2TDzng7mIcVN_Rm438YzhChnGWBt3cCwX9fICYzDbGBcbQO_BINVlIqLDXT_4EygYjgRGT09V_o1i_B5U0YIjDnRDPCTlG5LZNYCYL_UBs7ghlc5_Mgzb61uRRKE8U5PU0xxYiUFO99vTmierBj6qMflzR4Fx_KnQSPFd8dwCb4GAN097vHyOyDaXIwzT6YJgcz46-O_-se_p3EDFQHIOaS20A42sm_BH8B7XHoCg</recordid><startdate>20170301</startdate><enddate>20170301</enddate><creator>Weise, C M</creator><creator>Piaggi, P</creator><creator>Reinhardt, M</creator><creator>Chen, K</creator><creator>Savage, C R</creator><creator>Krakoff, J</creator><creator>Pleger, B</creator><general>Nature Publishing Group UK</general><general>Nature Publishing Group</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PHGZM</scope><scope>PHGZT</scope><scope>PJZUB</scope><scope>PKEHL</scope><scope>PPXIY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQGLB</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20170301</creationdate><title>The obese brain as a heritable phenotype: a combined morphometry and twin study</title><author>Weise, C M ; Piaggi, P ; Reinhardt, M ; Chen, K ; Savage, C R ; Krakoff, J ; Pleger, B</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c629t-4363ba676c7279a15498e0e7dafb3c6ee3388c9b230bf078d8fe06e9f419f7423</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>59/57</topic><topic>631/208/2489</topic><topic>692/163/2743/393</topic><topic>692/698/1688/1366</topic><topic>692/699/1702/393</topic><topic>692/700/139/2818</topic><topic>Addictive behaviors</topic><topic>Adipose tissue</topic><topic>Adiposity</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Body mass index</topic><topic>Body size</topic><topic>Body weight</topic><topic>Brain</topic><topic>Brain - pathology</topic><topic>Brain research</topic><topic>Cerebellum</topic><topic>Diabetes</topic><topic>Eating behavior</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Genetic aspects</topic><topic>Genetic control</topic><topic>Genotype & phenotype</topic><topic>Gray Matter - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Gray Matter - pathology</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Health Promotion and Disease Prevention</topic><topic>Heritability</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</topic><topic>Internal Medicine</topic><topic>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical imaging</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Metabolic Diseases</topic><topic>Morphometrics (Biology)</topic><topic>Morphometry</topic><topic>Neuroimaging</topic><topic>Neurology</topic><topic>Obesity</topic><topic>Obesity - genetics</topic><topic>Obesity - pathology</topic><topic>Obesity - physiopathology</topic><topic>original-article</topic><topic>Phenotype</topic><topic>Phenotypes</topic><topic>Prefrontal cortex</topic><topic>Public Health</topic><topic>Quantitative Trait, Heritable</topic><topic>Residual effects</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><topic>Siblings</topic><topic>Substantia grisea</topic><topic>Temporal lobe</topic><topic>Twin studies</topic><topic>Twins</topic><topic>Twins, Dizygotic</topic><topic>Twins, Monozygotic</topic><topic>Young adults</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Weise, C M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Piaggi, P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reinhardt, M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Savage, C R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krakoff, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pleger, B</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Psychology</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Health & Nursing</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>International Journal of Obesity</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Weise, C M</au><au>Piaggi, P</au><au>Reinhardt, M</au><au>Chen, K</au><au>Savage, C R</au><au>Krakoff, J</au><au>Pleger, B</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The obese brain as a heritable phenotype: a combined morphometry and twin study</atitle><jtitle>International Journal of Obesity</jtitle><stitle>Int J Obes</stitle><addtitle>Int J Obes (Lond)</addtitle><date>2017-03-01</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>41</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>458</spage><epage>466</epage><pages>458-466</pages><issn>0307-0565</issn><eissn>1476-5497</eissn><abstract>Background:
Body weight and adiposity are heritable traits. To date, it remains unknown whether obesity-associated brain structural alterations are under a similar level of genetic control.
Methods:
For this study, we utilized magnetic resonance imaging data from the Human Connectome Project. Voxel-based morphometry was used to investigate associations between body mass index (BMI) and regional gray matter volume (GMV) in a sample of 875 young adults with a wide BMI range (386 males/489 females; age 28.8±3.7 years; BMI 26.6±5.3 kg m
−2
) that included 86 pairs of monozygotic twins and 82 pairs of dizygotic twins. Twin data were analyzed by applying the additive genetic, common environmental and residual effects model to determine heritability of brain regions that were associated with BMI.
Results:
We observed positive associations between BMI and GMV in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the right cerebellum and widespread negative associations within the prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, temporal lobes and distinct subcortical structures. Varying degrees of heritability were found for BMI-associated brain regions, with the highest heritability estimates for cerebellar GMV and subcortical structures.
Conclusions:
These data indicate that brain regions associated with obesity are subject to differing levels of genetic control and environmental influences. Specific brain regions with high heritability might represent an inherent vulnerability factor for obesity.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group UK</pub><pmid>27916985</pmid><doi>10.1038/ijo.2016.222</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | International Journal of Obesity, 2017-03, Vol.41 (3), p.458-466 |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals; Nature Journals Online |
| subjects | 59/57 631/208/2489 692/163/2743/393 692/698/1688/1366 692/699/1702/393 692/700/139/2818 Addictive behaviors Adipose tissue Adiposity Adult Body mass index Body size Body weight Brain Brain - pathology Brain research Cerebellum Diabetes Eating behavior Epidemiology Female Genetic aspects Genetic control Genotype & phenotype Gray Matter - anatomy & histology Gray Matter - pathology Health aspects Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Heritability Humans Image Processing, Computer-Assisted Internal Medicine Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Medical imaging Medicine Medicine & Public Health Metabolic Diseases Morphometrics (Biology) Morphometry Neuroimaging Neurology Obesity Obesity - genetics Obesity - pathology Obesity - physiopathology original-article Phenotype Phenotypes Prefrontal cortex Public Health Quantitative Trait, Heritable Residual effects Risk factors Siblings Substantia grisea Temporal lobe Twin studies Twins Twins, Dizygotic Twins, Monozygotic Young adults |
| title | The obese brain as a heritable phenotype: a combined morphometry and twin study |
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