Design and biomechanical evaluation of a rodent spinal fixation device
Study design: An in vitro and in vivo study in rats. Objectives: To design a novel rat spinal fixation device and investigate its biomechanical effectiveness in stabilizing the spine up to 8 weeks post injury. Methods: A fixation device made of polyetheretherketone was designed to stabilize the spin...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Spinal cord 2012-07, Vol.50 (7), p.543-547 |
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| creator | Shahrokni, M Zhu, Q Liu, J Tetzlaff, W Oxland, T R |
| description | Study design:
An
in vitro
and
in vivo
study in rats.
Objectives:
To design a novel rat spinal fixation device and investigate its biomechanical effectiveness in stabilizing the spine up to 8 weeks post injury.
Methods:
A fixation device made of polyetheretherketone was designed to stabilize the spine via bilateral clamping pieces. The device effectiveness was assessed in a Sprague–Dawley rat model after it was applied to a spine with a fracture–dislocation injury produced at C5–C6. Animals were euthanized either immediately (
n
=6) or 8 weeks (
n
=9) post-injury and the C3-T1 segment of the cervical spine was removed for biomechanical evaluation. Segments of intact spinal columns (C3-T1) (
n
=6) served as uninjured controls. In these tests, anterior–posterior shear forces were applied to the C3 vertebra to produce flexion and extension bending moments at the injury site (peak 12.8 Nmm). The resultant two-dimensional motions at the injury site (that is, C5–C6) were measured using digital imaging and reported as ranges of motion (ROM) or neutral zones (NZ).
Results:
Flexion/extension ROMs (average±s.d.) were 18.1±3.3°, 19.9±7.5° and 1.5±0.7°, respectively for the intact, injured/fixed, and injured/8-week groups, with the differences being highly significant for the injured/8-week group (
P
=0.0002). Flexion/extension NZs were 3.4±2.8°, 5.0±2.4°, and 0.7±0.5°, respectively for the intact, injured/fixed, and injured/8-week groups, with the differences being significant for the injured/8-week group (
P
=0.04).
Conclusion:
The device acutely stabilizes the spine and promotes fusion at the site of injury. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/sc.2011.185 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_5025282</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2704043581</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c509t-6c6e1c4515bfb2debe0ed6b8fde8cee60a3a6fc044ed80a758914e324c1a08093</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqN0c1rFDEYBvAgiq3Vk3cZEEGws775nOQiSD-0UPCi55DJvLNNmU3WZGfR_960u9aql54y8Px482YeQl5SWFDg-n3xCwaULqiWj8ghFZ1qpWLicf3mirWCG35AnpVyDQCGGv2UHDDGtNHGHJLzUyxhGRsXh6YPaYX-ysXg3dTg1k2z24QUmzQ2rslpwLhpyjrEmo7hxy4bcBs8PidPRjcVfLE_j8i387OvJ5_byy-fLk4-XrZegtm0yiukXkgq-7FnA_YIOKhejwNqj6jAcadGD0LgoMF1UhsqkDPhqQMNhh-RD7u567lf4eDrRtlNdp3DyuWfNrlg_05iuLLLtLUSmGSa1QFv9wNy-j5j2dhVKB6nyUVMc7EUmAZmBNMPoQJMJxmv9PU_9DrNuf6nW8WVkaqTVb3bKZ9TKRnHu70p2JsqbfH2pkpbq6z61f2n3tnf3VXwZg9cqYWN2UUfyh-noNOGddUd71ypUVxivr_c__f-Al9jtSE</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1023695675</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Design and biomechanical evaluation of a rodent spinal fixation device</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerLink Journals</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><creator>Shahrokni, M ; Zhu, Q ; Liu, J ; Tetzlaff, W ; Oxland, T R</creator><creatorcontrib>Shahrokni, M ; Zhu, Q ; Liu, J ; Tetzlaff, W ; Oxland, T R</creatorcontrib><description>Study design:
An
in vitro
and
in vivo
study in rats.
Objectives:
To design a novel rat spinal fixation device and investigate its biomechanical effectiveness in stabilizing the spine up to 8 weeks post injury.
Methods:
A fixation device made of polyetheretherketone was designed to stabilize the spine via bilateral clamping pieces. The device effectiveness was assessed in a Sprague–Dawley rat model after it was applied to a spine with a fracture–dislocation injury produced at C5–C6. Animals were euthanized either immediately (
n
=6) or 8 weeks (
n
=9) post-injury and the C3-T1 segment of the cervical spine was removed for biomechanical evaluation. Segments of intact spinal columns (C3-T1) (
n
=6) served as uninjured controls. In these tests, anterior–posterior shear forces were applied to the C3 vertebra to produce flexion and extension bending moments at the injury site (peak 12.8 Nmm). The resultant two-dimensional motions at the injury site (that is, C5–C6) were measured using digital imaging and reported as ranges of motion (ROM) or neutral zones (NZ).
Results:
Flexion/extension ROMs (average±s.d.) were 18.1±3.3°, 19.9±7.5° and 1.5±0.7°, respectively for the intact, injured/fixed, and injured/8-week groups, with the differences being highly significant for the injured/8-week group (
P
=0.0002). Flexion/extension NZs were 3.4±2.8°, 5.0±2.4°, and 0.7±0.5°, respectively for the intact, injured/fixed, and injured/8-week groups, with the differences being significant for the injured/8-week group (
P
=0.04).
Conclusion:
The device acutely stabilizes the spine and promotes fusion at the site of injury.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1362-4393</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1476-5624</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/sc.2011.185</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22289899</identifier><identifier>CODEN: SPCOFM</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher><subject>631/378/1687/1825 ; 631/601/1332 ; 692/700/565 ; Anatomy ; Animals ; Biological and medical sciences ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biomedicine ; Cerebrospinal fluid. Meninges. Spinal cord ; Cervical Vertebrae - injuries ; Cervical Vertebrae - physiopathology ; Cervical Vertebrae - surgery ; Elastic Modulus ; Equipment Failure Analysis ; Fracture Fixation, Internal - instrumentation ; Fracture Fixation, Internal - veterinary ; Human Physiology ; imaging ; Injuries ; Injuries of the nervous system and the skull. Diseases due to physical agents ; Male ; Mechanical properties ; Medical sciences ; Nervous system (semeiology, syndromes) ; Neurochemistry ; Neurology ; Neuropsychology ; Neurosciences ; original-article ; Prosthesis Design ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spinal cord ; Spinal Fractures - physiopathology ; Spinal Fractures - surgery ; Spinal Fusion - instrumentation ; Spinal Fusion - veterinary ; Spine ; spine (cervical) ; Stress, Mechanical ; Traumas. Diseases due to physical agents ; Treatment Outcome ; Vertebrae</subject><ispartof>Spinal cord, 2012-07, Vol.50 (7), p.543-547</ispartof><rights>International Spinal Cord Society 2012</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jul 2012</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c509t-6c6e1c4515bfb2debe0ed6b8fde8cee60a3a6fc044ed80a758914e324c1a08093</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c509t-6c6e1c4515bfb2debe0ed6b8fde8cee60a3a6fc044ed80a758914e324c1a08093</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1038/sc.2011.185$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1038/sc.2011.185$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=26078927$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22289899$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Shahrokni, M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhu, Q</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tetzlaff, W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oxland, T R</creatorcontrib><title>Design and biomechanical evaluation of a rodent spinal fixation device</title><title>Spinal cord</title><addtitle>Spinal Cord</addtitle><addtitle>Spinal Cord</addtitle><description>Study design:
An
in vitro
and
in vivo
study in rats.
Objectives:
To design a novel rat spinal fixation device and investigate its biomechanical effectiveness in stabilizing the spine up to 8 weeks post injury.
Methods:
A fixation device made of polyetheretherketone was designed to stabilize the spine via bilateral clamping pieces. The device effectiveness was assessed in a Sprague–Dawley rat model after it was applied to a spine with a fracture–dislocation injury produced at C5–C6. Animals were euthanized either immediately (
n
=6) or 8 weeks (
n
=9) post-injury and the C3-T1 segment of the cervical spine was removed for biomechanical evaluation. Segments of intact spinal columns (C3-T1) (
n
=6) served as uninjured controls. In these tests, anterior–posterior shear forces were applied to the C3 vertebra to produce flexion and extension bending moments at the injury site (peak 12.8 Nmm). The resultant two-dimensional motions at the injury site (that is, C5–C6) were measured using digital imaging and reported as ranges of motion (ROM) or neutral zones (NZ).
Results:
Flexion/extension ROMs (average±s.d.) were 18.1±3.3°, 19.9±7.5° and 1.5±0.7°, respectively for the intact, injured/fixed, and injured/8-week groups, with the differences being highly significant for the injured/8-week group (
P
=0.0002). Flexion/extension NZs were 3.4±2.8°, 5.0±2.4°, and 0.7±0.5°, respectively for the intact, injured/fixed, and injured/8-week groups, with the differences being significant for the injured/8-week group (
P
=0.04).
Conclusion:
The device acutely stabilizes the spine and promotes fusion at the site of injury.</description><subject>631/378/1687/1825</subject><subject>631/601/1332</subject><subject>692/700/565</subject><subject>Anatomy</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedicine</subject><subject>Cerebrospinal fluid. Meninges. Spinal cord</subject><subject>Cervical Vertebrae - injuries</subject><subject>Cervical Vertebrae - physiopathology</subject><subject>Cervical Vertebrae - surgery</subject><subject>Elastic Modulus</subject><subject>Equipment Failure Analysis</subject><subject>Fracture Fixation, Internal - instrumentation</subject><subject>Fracture Fixation, Internal - veterinary</subject><subject>Human Physiology</subject><subject>imaging</subject><subject>Injuries</subject><subject>Injuries of the nervous system and the skull. Diseases due to physical agents</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mechanical properties</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Nervous system (semeiology, syndromes)</subject><subject>Neurochemistry</subject><subject>Neurology</subject><subject>Neuropsychology</subject><subject>Neurosciences</subject><subject>original-article</subject><subject>Prosthesis Design</subject><subject>Range of Motion, Articular</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</subject><subject>Spinal cord</subject><subject>Spinal Fractures - physiopathology</subject><subject>Spinal Fractures - surgery</subject><subject>Spinal Fusion - instrumentation</subject><subject>Spinal Fusion - veterinary</subject><subject>Spine</subject><subject>spine (cervical)</subject><subject>Stress, Mechanical</subject><subject>Traumas. Diseases due to physical agents</subject><subject>Treatment Outcome</subject><subject>Vertebrae</subject><issn>1362-4393</issn><issn>1476-5624</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqN0c1rFDEYBvAgiq3Vk3cZEEGws775nOQiSD-0UPCi55DJvLNNmU3WZGfR_960u9aql54y8Px482YeQl5SWFDg-n3xCwaULqiWj8ghFZ1qpWLicf3mirWCG35AnpVyDQCGGv2UHDDGtNHGHJLzUyxhGRsXh6YPaYX-ysXg3dTg1k2z24QUmzQ2rslpwLhpyjrEmo7hxy4bcBs8PidPRjcVfLE_j8i387OvJ5_byy-fLk4-XrZegtm0yiukXkgq-7FnA_YIOKhejwNqj6jAcadGD0LgoMF1UhsqkDPhqQMNhh-RD7u567lf4eDrRtlNdp3DyuWfNrlg_05iuLLLtLUSmGSa1QFv9wNy-j5j2dhVKB6nyUVMc7EUmAZmBNMPoQJMJxmv9PU_9DrNuf6nW8WVkaqTVb3bKZ9TKRnHu70p2JsqbfH2pkpbq6z61f2n3tnf3VXwZg9cqYWN2UUfyh-noNOGddUd71ypUVxivr_c__f-Al9jtSE</recordid><startdate>20120701</startdate><enddate>20120701</enddate><creator>Shahrokni, M</creator><creator>Zhu, Q</creator><creator>Liu, J</creator><creator>Tetzlaff, W</creator><creator>Oxland, T R</creator><general>Nature Publishing Group UK</general><general>Nature Publishing Group</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20120701</creationdate><title>Design and biomechanical evaluation of a rodent spinal fixation device</title><author>Shahrokni, M ; Zhu, Q ; Liu, J ; Tetzlaff, W ; Oxland, T R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c509t-6c6e1c4515bfb2debe0ed6b8fde8cee60a3a6fc044ed80a758914e324c1a08093</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>631/378/1687/1825</topic><topic>631/601/1332</topic><topic>692/700/565</topic><topic>Anatomy</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomedicine</topic><topic>Cerebrospinal fluid. Meninges. Spinal cord</topic><topic>Cervical Vertebrae - injuries</topic><topic>Cervical Vertebrae - physiopathology</topic><topic>Cervical Vertebrae - surgery</topic><topic>Elastic Modulus</topic><topic>Equipment Failure Analysis</topic><topic>Fracture Fixation, Internal - instrumentation</topic><topic>Fracture Fixation, Internal - veterinary</topic><topic>Human Physiology</topic><topic>imaging</topic><topic>Injuries</topic><topic>Injuries of the nervous system and the skull. Diseases due to physical agents</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Mechanical properties</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Nervous system (semeiology, syndromes)</topic><topic>Neurochemistry</topic><topic>Neurology</topic><topic>Neuropsychology</topic><topic>Neurosciences</topic><topic>original-article</topic><topic>Prosthesis Design</topic><topic>Range of Motion, Articular</topic><topic>Rats</topic><topic>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</topic><topic>Spinal cord</topic><topic>Spinal Fractures - physiopathology</topic><topic>Spinal Fractures - surgery</topic><topic>Spinal Fusion - instrumentation</topic><topic>Spinal Fusion - veterinary</topic><topic>Spine</topic><topic>spine (cervical)</topic><topic>Stress, Mechanical</topic><topic>Traumas. Diseases due to physical agents</topic><topic>Treatment Outcome</topic><topic>Vertebrae</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Shahrokni, M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhu, Q</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tetzlaff, W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oxland, T R</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Spinal cord</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Shahrokni, M</au><au>Zhu, Q</au><au>Liu, J</au><au>Tetzlaff, W</au><au>Oxland, T R</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Design and biomechanical evaluation of a rodent spinal fixation device</atitle><jtitle>Spinal cord</jtitle><stitle>Spinal Cord</stitle><addtitle>Spinal Cord</addtitle><date>2012-07-01</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>50</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>543</spage><epage>547</epage><pages>543-547</pages><issn>1362-4393</issn><eissn>1476-5624</eissn><coden>SPCOFM</coden><abstract>Study design:
An
in vitro
and
in vivo
study in rats.
Objectives:
To design a novel rat spinal fixation device and investigate its biomechanical effectiveness in stabilizing the spine up to 8 weeks post injury.
Methods:
A fixation device made of polyetheretherketone was designed to stabilize the spine via bilateral clamping pieces. The device effectiveness was assessed in a Sprague–Dawley rat model after it was applied to a spine with a fracture–dislocation injury produced at C5–C6. Animals were euthanized either immediately (
n
=6) or 8 weeks (
n
=9) post-injury and the C3-T1 segment of the cervical spine was removed for biomechanical evaluation. Segments of intact spinal columns (C3-T1) (
n
=6) served as uninjured controls. In these tests, anterior–posterior shear forces were applied to the C3 vertebra to produce flexion and extension bending moments at the injury site (peak 12.8 Nmm). The resultant two-dimensional motions at the injury site (that is, C5–C6) were measured using digital imaging and reported as ranges of motion (ROM) or neutral zones (NZ).
Results:
Flexion/extension ROMs (average±s.d.) were 18.1±3.3°, 19.9±7.5° and 1.5±0.7°, respectively for the intact, injured/fixed, and injured/8-week groups, with the differences being highly significant for the injured/8-week group (
P
=0.0002). Flexion/extension NZs were 3.4±2.8°, 5.0±2.4°, and 0.7±0.5°, respectively for the intact, injured/fixed, and injured/8-week groups, with the differences being significant for the injured/8-week group (
P
=0.04).
Conclusion:
The device acutely stabilizes the spine and promotes fusion at the site of injury.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group UK</pub><pmid>22289899</pmid><doi>10.1038/sc.2011.185</doi><tpages>5</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Spinal cord, 2012-07, Vol.50 (7), p.543-547 |
| issn | 1362-4393 1476-5624 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals |
| subjects | 631/378/1687/1825 631/601/1332 692/700/565 Anatomy Animals Biological and medical sciences Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Cerebrospinal fluid. Meninges. Spinal cord Cervical Vertebrae - injuries Cervical Vertebrae - physiopathology Cervical Vertebrae - surgery Elastic Modulus Equipment Failure Analysis Fracture Fixation, Internal - instrumentation Fracture Fixation, Internal - veterinary Human Physiology imaging Injuries Injuries of the nervous system and the skull. Diseases due to physical agents Male Mechanical properties Medical sciences Nervous system (semeiology, syndromes) Neurochemistry Neurology Neuropsychology Neurosciences original-article Prosthesis Design Range of Motion, Articular Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Spinal cord Spinal Fractures - physiopathology Spinal Fractures - surgery Spinal Fusion - instrumentation Spinal Fusion - veterinary Spine spine (cervical) Stress, Mechanical Traumas. Diseases due to physical agents Treatment Outcome Vertebrae |
| title | Design and biomechanical evaluation of a rodent spinal fixation device |
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