Salinity of deep groundwater in California: Water quantity, quality, and protection
Deep groundwater aquifers are poorly characterized but could yield important sources of water in California and elsewhere. Deep aquifers have been developed for oil and gas extraction, and this activity has created both valuable data and risks to groundwater quality. Assessing groundwater quantity a...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS 2016-07, Vol.113 (28), p.7768-7773 |
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description | Deep groundwater aquifers are poorly characterized but could yield important sources of water in California and elsewhere. Deep aquifers have been developed for oil and gas extraction, and this activity has created both valuable data and risks to groundwater quality. Assessing groundwater quantity and quality requires baseline data and a monitoring framework for evaluating impacts. We analyze 938 chemical, geological, and depth data points from 360 oil/gas fields across eight counties in California and depth data from 34,392 oil and gas wells. By expanding previous groundwater volume estimates from depths of 305 m to 3,000 m in California’s Central Valley, an important agricultural region with growing groundwater demands, fresh [ |
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Deep aquifers have been developed for oil and gas extraction, and this activity has created both valuable data and risks to groundwater quality. Assessing groundwater quantity and quality requires baseline data and a monitoring framework for evaluating impacts. We analyze 938 chemical, geological, and depth data points from 360 oil/gas fields across eight counties in California and depth data from 34,392 oil and gas wells. By expanding previous groundwater volume estimates from depths of 305 m to 3,000 m in California’s Central Valley, an important agricultural region with growing groundwater demands, fresh [<3,000 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS)] groundwater volume is almost tripled to 2,700 km³, most of it found shallower than 1,000 m. The 3,000-m depth zone also provides 3,900 km³ of fresh and saline water, not previously estimated, that can be categorized as underground sources of drinking water (USDWs; <10,000 ppm TDS). Up to 19% and 35% of oil/gas activities have occurred directly in freshwater zones and USDWs, respectively, in the eight counties. Deeper activities, such as wastewater injection, may also pose a potential threat to groundwater, especially USDWs. Our findings indicate that California’s Central Valley alone has close to three times the volume of fresh groundwater and four times the volume of USDWs than previous estimates suggest. Therefore, efforts to monitor and protect deeper, saline groundwater resources are needed in California and beyond.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0027-8424</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1091-6490</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600400113</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27354527</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: National Academy of Sciences</publisher><subject>Aquifers ; California ; Groundwater ; Groundwater - chemistry ; Oil and Gas Fields ; Physical Sciences ; Salinity ; Water Pollution ; Water Quality ; Water Supply</subject><ispartof>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS, 2016-07, Vol.113 (28), p.7768-7773</ispartof><rights>Volumes 1–89 and 106–113, copyright as a collective work only; author(s) retains copyright to individual articles</rights><rights>Copyright National Academy of Sciences Jul 12, 2016</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a466t-2a302cada98eb16d6507d1394852afa5643cb0670d3e32176225d483d4b760b13</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a466t-2a302cada98eb16d6507d1394852afa5643cb0670d3e32176225d483d4b760b13</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26470793$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/26470793$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,803,885,27924,27925,53791,53793,58017,58250</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27354527$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kang, Mary</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jackson, Robert B.</creatorcontrib><title>Salinity of deep groundwater in California: Water quantity, quality, and protection</title><title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS</title><addtitle>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</addtitle><description>Deep groundwater aquifers are poorly characterized but could yield important sources of water in California and elsewhere. Deep aquifers have been developed for oil and gas extraction, and this activity has created both valuable data and risks to groundwater quality. Assessing groundwater quantity and quality requires baseline data and a monitoring framework for evaluating impacts. We analyze 938 chemical, geological, and depth data points from 360 oil/gas fields across eight counties in California and depth data from 34,392 oil and gas wells. By expanding previous groundwater volume estimates from depths of 305 m to 3,000 m in California’s Central Valley, an important agricultural region with growing groundwater demands, fresh [<3,000 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS)] groundwater volume is almost tripled to 2,700 km³, most of it found shallower than 1,000 m. The 3,000-m depth zone also provides 3,900 km³ of fresh and saline water, not previously estimated, that can be categorized as underground sources of drinking water (USDWs; <10,000 ppm TDS). Up to 19% and 35% of oil/gas activities have occurred directly in freshwater zones and USDWs, respectively, in the eight counties. Deeper activities, such as wastewater injection, may also pose a potential threat to groundwater, especially USDWs. Our findings indicate that California’s Central Valley alone has close to three times the volume of fresh groundwater and four times the volume of USDWs than previous estimates suggest. Therefore, efforts to monitor and protect deeper, saline groundwater resources are needed in California and beyond.</description><subject>Aquifers</subject><subject>California</subject><subject>Groundwater</subject><subject>Groundwater - chemistry</subject><subject>Oil and Gas Fields</subject><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subject>Salinity</subject><subject>Water Pollution</subject><subject>Water Quality</subject><subject>Water Supply</subject><issn>0027-8424</issn><issn>1091-6490</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpVkM1Lw0AUxBdRbK2ePSkBb0Ls2-_kIkjxCwoe1POyyW5qSrsbdxOl_70pra2e3mF-b2YYhM4x3GCQdNw4HW-wAGAAGNMDNMSQ41SwHA7REIDINGOEDdBJjHMAyHkGx2hAJOWMEzlE1696Ubu6XSW-Soy1TTILvnPmW7c2JLVLJr1e-eBqfYqOKr2I9mx7R-j94f5t8pROXx6fJ3fTVDMh2pRoCqTURueZLbAwgoM0mOYs40RXmgtGywKEBEMtJVgKQrhhGTWskAIKTEfoduPbdMXSmtK6NuiFakK91GGlvK7Vf8XVH2rmvxTrM2hvP0JXW4PgPzsbWzX3XXB9Z4UzYCzHnK2p8YYqg48x2GqXgEGtx1XrcdV-3P7j8m-xHf-7Zg9cbIB5bH3Y64JJkDmlP210fgE</recordid><startdate>20160712</startdate><enddate>20160712</enddate><creator>Kang, Mary</creator><creator>Jackson, Robert B.</creator><general>National Academy of Sciences</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7TO</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20160712</creationdate><title>Salinity of deep groundwater in California</title><author>Kang, Mary ; Jackson, Robert B.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a466t-2a302cada98eb16d6507d1394852afa5643cb0670d3e32176225d483d4b760b13</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Aquifers</topic><topic>California</topic><topic>Groundwater</topic><topic>Groundwater - chemistry</topic><topic>Oil and Gas Fields</topic><topic>Physical Sciences</topic><topic>Salinity</topic><topic>Water Pollution</topic><topic>Water Quality</topic><topic>Water Supply</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kang, Mary</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jackson, Robert B.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Oncogenes and Growth Factors Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kang, Mary</au><au>Jackson, Robert B.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Salinity of deep groundwater in California: Water quantity, quality, and protection</atitle><jtitle>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS</jtitle><addtitle>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</addtitle><date>2016-07-12</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>113</volume><issue>28</issue><spage>7768</spage><epage>7773</epage><pages>7768-7773</pages><issn>0027-8424</issn><eissn>1091-6490</eissn><abstract>Deep groundwater aquifers are poorly characterized but could yield important sources of water in California and elsewhere. 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Up to 19% and 35% of oil/gas activities have occurred directly in freshwater zones and USDWs, respectively, in the eight counties. Deeper activities, such as wastewater injection, may also pose a potential threat to groundwater, especially USDWs. Our findings indicate that California’s Central Valley alone has close to three times the volume of fresh groundwater and four times the volume of USDWs than previous estimates suggest. Therefore, efforts to monitor and protect deeper, saline groundwater resources are needed in California and beyond.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>National Academy of Sciences</pub><pmid>27354527</pmid><doi>10.1073/pnas.1600400113</doi><tpages>6</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Aquifers California Groundwater Groundwater - chemistry Oil and Gas Fields Physical Sciences Salinity Water Pollution Water Quality Water Supply |
title | Salinity of deep groundwater in California: Water quantity, quality, and protection |
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