Human anal reflexes
By perianal electrical stimulation and EMG recording from the external anal sphincter the anal reflex was constantly present in normal subjects. The latency decreased within certain limits with increasing stimulation to an average minimum latency of 50 ms (SD 10.5). There was no difference between t...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of neurology, neurosurgery and psychiatry neurosurgery and psychiatry, 1978-09, Vol.41 (9), p.813-818 |
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| container_title | Journal of neurology, neurosurgery and psychiatry |
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| creator | Pedersen, E Harving, H Klemar, B Tørring, J |
| description | By perianal electrical stimulation and EMG recording from the external anal sphincter the anal reflex was constantly present in normal subjects. The latency decreased within certain limits with increasing stimulation to an average minimum latency of 50 ms (SD 10.5). There was no difference between the minimum latency in normal subjects and patients with suprasegmental lesions of the CNS. The latency may be prolonged in patients with lesion of the reflex arc. By stimulation over the posterior tibial nerve behind the medial malleolus a reflex reaction could be picked up constantly from the anal sphincter in normal subjects. This reflex had a longer latency but a lower threshold than the reflex reaction from the tibialis anterior muscle. The average minimum latency from the anal sphincter was 93 ms (SD 21.1) and from the tibialis anterior muscle 64 ms (SD 7.9). In the absence of the anal reflex it may be possible to localise the defect to the afferent or efferent parts of the reflex by using types of stimulation. Preliminary studies of spinal shock revealed a perianally elicited anal reflex in all cases, but also a response to peripheral stimulation in some of the cases, more frequently found in the anal sphincter than in the tibialis anterior muscle. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1136/jnnp.41.9.813 |
| format | Article |
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The latency decreased within certain limits with increasing stimulation to an average minimum latency of 50 ms (SD 10.5). There was no difference between the minimum latency in normal subjects and patients with suprasegmental lesions of the CNS. The latency may be prolonged in patients with lesion of the reflex arc. By stimulation over the posterior tibial nerve behind the medial malleolus a reflex reaction could be picked up constantly from the anal sphincter in normal subjects. This reflex had a longer latency but a lower threshold than the reflex reaction from the tibialis anterior muscle. The average minimum latency from the anal sphincter was 93 ms (SD 21.1) and from the tibialis anterior muscle 64 ms (SD 7.9). In the absence of the anal reflex it may be possible to localise the defect to the afferent or efferent parts of the reflex by using types of stimulation. Preliminary studies of spinal shock revealed a perianally elicited anal reflex in all cases, but also a response to peripheral stimulation in some of the cases, more frequently found in the anal sphincter than in the tibialis anterior muscle.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-3050</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1468-330X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.41.9.813</identifier><identifier>PMID: 690652</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JNNPAU</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</publisher><subject>Anal Canal - innervation ; Electric Stimulation ; Electromyography ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle Contraction ; Perineum - innervation ; Reflex - physiology ; Tibial Nerve - physiology ; Urethra - innervation</subject><ispartof>Journal of neurology, neurosurgery and psychiatry, 1978-09, Vol.41 (9), p.813-818</ispartof><rights>Copyright BMJ Publishing Group LTD Sep 1978</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b479t-5ab4ea35d109d90bd474bd3493c984d2f861fea235b4b096046855c547e90ceb3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b479t-5ab4ea35d109d90bd474bd3493c984d2f861fea235b4b096046855c547e90ceb3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC493160/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC493160/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,725,778,782,883,27911,27912,53778,53780</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/690652$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Pedersen, E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Harving, H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Klemar, B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tørring, J</creatorcontrib><title>Human anal reflexes</title><title>Journal of neurology, neurosurgery and psychiatry</title><addtitle>J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry</addtitle><description>By perianal electrical stimulation and EMG recording from the external anal sphincter the anal reflex was constantly present in normal subjects. The latency decreased within certain limits with increasing stimulation to an average minimum latency of 50 ms (SD 10.5). There was no difference between the minimum latency in normal subjects and patients with suprasegmental lesions of the CNS. The latency may be prolonged in patients with lesion of the reflex arc. By stimulation over the posterior tibial nerve behind the medial malleolus a reflex reaction could be picked up constantly from the anal sphincter in normal subjects. This reflex had a longer latency but a lower threshold than the reflex reaction from the tibialis anterior muscle. The average minimum latency from the anal sphincter was 93 ms (SD 21.1) and from the tibialis anterior muscle 64 ms (SD 7.9). In the absence of the anal reflex it may be possible to localise the defect to the afferent or efferent parts of the reflex by using types of stimulation. Preliminary studies of spinal shock revealed a perianally elicited anal reflex in all cases, but also a response to peripheral stimulation in some of the cases, more frequently found in the anal sphincter than in the tibialis anterior muscle.</description><subject>Anal Canal - innervation</subject><subject>Electric Stimulation</subject><subject>Electromyography</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Muscle Contraction</subject><subject>Perineum - innervation</subject><subject>Reflex - physiology</subject><subject>Tibial Nerve - physiology</subject><subject>Urethra - innervation</subject><issn>0022-3050</issn><issn>1468-330X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1978</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkDlPw0AQRleIKwQqREcRCQnROOxtb0GBwhEkjgaQu9GuvQYHH8Fro_Dv2ShROBq22WLezHzzEDogeEgIk6eTqpoOORmqYUTYGuoRLqOAMRyvox7GlAYMC7yNdpyb4PmL1BbalApLQXtof9yVuhroSheDxmaFnVm3izYyXTi7t_z76Onq8nE0Dm4frm9G57eB4aFqA6ENt5qJlGCVKmxSHnKTMq5YoiKe0iySJLOaMmG4wUpin0uIRPDQKpxYw_robDF32pnSpomt2kYXMG3yUjefUOscfleq_BVe6g_wK4jEvv942d_U7511LZS5S2xR6MrWnYOQEx5JKTx49Aec1F3jT3ZAwpBGNFKSeipYUElTO-dlrJIQDHPTMDcNnIACb9rzhz_jr-iF2u9xuWvtbFXVzRvIkIUC7p9HcMd5HMf0AojnTxa8KSf_bP4CBb6UaQ</recordid><startdate>19780901</startdate><enddate>19780901</enddate><creator>Pedersen, E</creator><creator>Harving, H</creator><creator>Klemar, B</creator><creator>Tørring, J</creator><general>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AF</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BTHHO</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19780901</creationdate><title>Human anal reflexes</title><author>Pedersen, E ; Harving, H ; Klemar, B ; Tørring, J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b479t-5ab4ea35d109d90bd474bd3493c984d2f861fea235b4b096046855c547e90ceb3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1978</creationdate><topic>Anal Canal - innervation</topic><topic>Electric Stimulation</topic><topic>Electromyography</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Muscle Contraction</topic><topic>Perineum - innervation</topic><topic>Reflex - physiology</topic><topic>Tibial Nerve - physiology</topic><topic>Urethra - innervation</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Pedersen, E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Harving, H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Klemar, B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tørring, J</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>STEM Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>BMJ Journals</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Psychology Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of neurology, neurosurgery and psychiatry</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Pedersen, E</au><au>Harving, H</au><au>Klemar, B</au><au>Tørring, J</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Human anal reflexes</atitle><jtitle>Journal of neurology, neurosurgery and psychiatry</jtitle><addtitle>J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry</addtitle><date>1978-09-01</date><risdate>1978</risdate><volume>41</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>813</spage><epage>818</epage><pages>813-818</pages><issn>0022-3050</issn><eissn>1468-330X</eissn><coden>JNNPAU</coden><abstract>By perianal electrical stimulation and EMG recording from the external anal sphincter the anal reflex was constantly present in normal subjects. The latency decreased within certain limits with increasing stimulation to an average minimum latency of 50 ms (SD 10.5). There was no difference between the minimum latency in normal subjects and patients with suprasegmental lesions of the CNS. The latency may be prolonged in patients with lesion of the reflex arc. By stimulation over the posterior tibial nerve behind the medial malleolus a reflex reaction could be picked up constantly from the anal sphincter in normal subjects. This reflex had a longer latency but a lower threshold than the reflex reaction from the tibialis anterior muscle. The average minimum latency from the anal sphincter was 93 ms (SD 21.1) and from the tibialis anterior muscle 64 ms (SD 7.9). In the absence of the anal reflex it may be possible to localise the defect to the afferent or efferent parts of the reflex by using types of stimulation. 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| ispartof | Journal of neurology, neurosurgery and psychiatry, 1978-09, Vol.41 (9), p.813-818 |
| issn | 0022-3050 1468-330X |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Anal Canal - innervation Electric Stimulation Electromyography Female Humans Male Muscle Contraction Perineum - innervation Reflex - physiology Tibial Nerve - physiology Urethra - innervation |
| title | Human anal reflexes |
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