Elucidation of Softening Mechanism in Rinse-Cycle Fabric Softeners. Part 2: Uneven Adsorption—The Key Phenomenon to the Effect of Fabric Softeners
We investigated the actual factor determining the softening effect of a fabric softener. The adsorption area of the softener on model cotton cloths and yarns was identified using bromophenol blue. There was almost no softener at the cross-points of the yarns in the cloth samples or in the inner part...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of surfactants and detergents 2016-07, Vol.19 (4), p.759-773 |
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| creator | Igarashi, Takako Nakamura, Koichi Hoshi, Masato Hara, Teruyuki Kojima, Hironori Itou, Masatsugu Ikeda, Reiko Okamoto, Yoshimasa |
| description | We investigated the actual factor determining the softening effect of a fabric softener. The adsorption area of the softener on model cotton cloths and yarns was identified using bromophenol blue. There was almost no softener at the cross-points of the yarns in the cloth samples or in the inner part of the yarns. The softening performance was better when there was less softener at the cross-points of the yarns than when the yarns were evenly covered by the softener. Thus we conclude that the presence of softener at the cross-points of yarns is not a vital factor in the softening effect. In addition, more softener was found on the outer part of the yarn than the inner part, indicating gradation in the adsorption pattern of the softener. Thus, we propose that more softener is adsorbed on the exposed part of the yarn in a cloth, and the formation of a hydrogen-bonding network containing bound water is inhibited, thus softening the outer part of the yarn. However, the presence of a small amount of softener in the inner part of the yarn preserves the hydrogen-bonding network. Favorable elasticity, or bounce, of the yarns and cloth is realized when an appropriate amount of softener is used. Excess softener would reach the inner part of the yarn, reducing the diameter of the core part of the yarn, making the cloth appear wilted. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11743-016-1815-x |
| format | Article |
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Part 2: Uneven Adsorption—The Key Phenomenon to the Effect of Fabric Softeners</title><source>Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete</source><creator>Igarashi, Takako ; Nakamura, Koichi ; Hoshi, Masato ; Hara, Teruyuki ; Kojima, Hironori ; Itou, Masatsugu ; Ikeda, Reiko ; Okamoto, Yoshimasa</creator><creatorcontrib>Igarashi, Takako ; Nakamura, Koichi ; Hoshi, Masato ; Hara, Teruyuki ; Kojima, Hironori ; Itou, Masatsugu ; Ikeda, Reiko ; Okamoto, Yoshimasa</creatorcontrib><description>We investigated the actual factor determining the softening effect of a fabric softener. The adsorption area of the softener on model cotton cloths and yarns was identified using bromophenol blue. There was almost no softener at the cross-points of the yarns in the cloth samples or in the inner part of the yarns. The softening performance was better when there was less softener at the cross-points of the yarns than when the yarns were evenly covered by the softener. Thus we conclude that the presence of softener at the cross-points of yarns is not a vital factor in the softening effect. In addition, more softener was found on the outer part of the yarn than the inner part, indicating gradation in the adsorption pattern of the softener. Thus, we propose that more softener is adsorbed on the exposed part of the yarn in a cloth, and the formation of a hydrogen-bonding network containing bound water is inhibited, thus softening the outer part of the yarn. However, the presence of a small amount of softener in the inner part of the yarn preserves the hydrogen-bonding network. Favorable elasticity, or bounce, of the yarns and cloth is realized when an appropriate amount of softener is used. Excess softener would reach the inner part of the yarn, reducing the diameter of the core part of the yarn, making the cloth appear wilted.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1097-3958</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1558-9293</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11743-016-1815-x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27375354</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Adsorption ; Aquatic Pollution ; Bound water ; Bromophenol‐blue coloration method ; Chemistry ; Chemistry and Materials Science ; Cotton ; Cross‐linking ; Fabric softener ; Fabrics ; Gradation ; Hydrogen bonding ; Hydrogen bonds ; Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering ; Mechanism ; Original ; Original Article ; Physical Chemistry ; Polymer Sciences ; Surfaces and Interfaces ; Surfactants ; Thin Films ; Waste Water Technology ; Water Management ; Water Pollution Control</subject><ispartof>Journal of surfactants and detergents, 2016-07, Vol.19 (4), p.759-773</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2016</rights><rights>2016 American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS)</rights><rights>AOCS 2016</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5849-723a36e51ea9586fadf130239a0492b942e899daa9f89a1028d60c25b73eaa1b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5849-723a36e51ea9586fadf130239a0492b942e899daa9f89a1028d60c25b73eaa1b3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11743-016-1815-x$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1007%2Fs11743-016-1815-x$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,1411,27901,27902,45550,45551</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27375354$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Igarashi, Takako</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nakamura, Koichi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hoshi, Masato</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hara, Teruyuki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kojima, Hironori</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Itou, Masatsugu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ikeda, Reiko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Okamoto, Yoshimasa</creatorcontrib><title>Elucidation of Softening Mechanism in Rinse-Cycle Fabric Softeners. Part 2: Uneven Adsorption—The Key Phenomenon to the Effect of Fabric Softeners</title><title>Journal of surfactants and detergents</title><addtitle>J Surfact Deterg</addtitle><addtitle>J Surfactants Deterg</addtitle><description>We investigated the actual factor determining the softening effect of a fabric softener. The adsorption area of the softener on model cotton cloths and yarns was identified using bromophenol blue. There was almost no softener at the cross-points of the yarns in the cloth samples or in the inner part of the yarns. The softening performance was better when there was less softener at the cross-points of the yarns than when the yarns were evenly covered by the softener. Thus we conclude that the presence of softener at the cross-points of yarns is not a vital factor in the softening effect. In addition, more softener was found on the outer part of the yarn than the inner part, indicating gradation in the adsorption pattern of the softener. Thus, we propose that more softener is adsorbed on the exposed part of the yarn in a cloth, and the formation of a hydrogen-bonding network containing bound water is inhibited, thus softening the outer part of the yarn. However, the presence of a small amount of softener in the inner part of the yarn preserves the hydrogen-bonding network. Favorable elasticity, or bounce, of the yarns and cloth is realized when an appropriate amount of softener is used. Excess softener would reach the inner part of the yarn, reducing the diameter of the core part of the yarn, making the cloth appear wilted.</description><subject>Adsorption</subject><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Bound water</subject><subject>Bromophenol‐blue coloration method</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>Chemistry and Materials Science</subject><subject>Cotton</subject><subject>Cross‐linking</subject><subject>Fabric softener</subject><subject>Fabrics</subject><subject>Gradation</subject><subject>Hydrogen bonding</subject><subject>Hydrogen bonds</subject><subject>Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering</subject><subject>Mechanism</subject><subject>Original</subject><subject>Original Article</subject><subject>Physical Chemistry</subject><subject>Polymer Sciences</subject><subject>Surfaces and Interfaces</subject><subject>Surfactants</subject><subject>Thin Films</subject><subject>Waste Water Technology</subject><subject>Water Management</subject><subject>Water Pollution Control</subject><issn>1097-3958</issn><issn>1558-9293</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkc1u1DAUhSMEoqXwAGyQJTZsUvwTxzYLpGqY8ldERdu15Tg3M64y9mAnpbPjIfqEPAkeZahKJcTCsmV_5_genaJ4TvAhwVi8ToSIipWY1CWRhJfXD4p9wrksFVXsYT5jJUqmuNwrnqR0iTElFeePiz0qmOCMV_vFzbwfrWvN4IJHoUNnoRvAO79AX8AujXdphZxH35xPUM42tgd0bJro7I6EmA7RqYkDom_QhYcr8OioTSGut46_ft6cLwF9hg06XYIPq7w8GgIa8u2868AO20_vOz4tHnWmT_Bstx8UF8fz89mH8uTr-4-zo5PSclmpUlBmWA2cgMkZ6860HWGYMmVwpWijKgpSqdYY1UllCKayrbGlvBEMjCENOyjeTr7rsVlBa8EP0fR6Hd3KxI0Oxum_X7xb6kW40pXCktR1Nni1M4jh-whp0CuXLPS98RDGpImktSA1oyyjL--hl2GMPsfTRKi64ljJKlNkomwMKUXobochWG8711PnOneut53r66x5cTfFreJPyRkQE_DD9bD5v6P-dPZujgVXWUknZcoiv4B4Z-h_zvMb7XHKkg</recordid><startdate>201607</startdate><enddate>201607</enddate><creator>Igarashi, Takako</creator><creator>Nakamura, Koichi</creator><creator>Hoshi, Masato</creator><creator>Hara, Teruyuki</creator><creator>Kojima, Hironori</creator><creator>Itou, Masatsugu</creator><creator>Ikeda, Reiko</creator><creator>Okamoto, Yoshimasa</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>24P</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>4T-</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201607</creationdate><title>Elucidation of Softening Mechanism in Rinse-Cycle Fabric Softeners. 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Part 2: Uneven Adsorption—The Key Phenomenon to the Effect of Fabric Softeners</atitle><jtitle>Journal of surfactants and detergents</jtitle><stitle>J Surfact Deterg</stitle><addtitle>J Surfactants Deterg</addtitle><date>2016-07</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>19</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>759</spage><epage>773</epage><pages>759-773</pages><issn>1097-3958</issn><eissn>1558-9293</eissn><abstract>We investigated the actual factor determining the softening effect of a fabric softener. The adsorption area of the softener on model cotton cloths and yarns was identified using bromophenol blue. There was almost no softener at the cross-points of the yarns in the cloth samples or in the inner part of the yarns. The softening performance was better when there was less softener at the cross-points of the yarns than when the yarns were evenly covered by the softener. Thus we conclude that the presence of softener at the cross-points of yarns is not a vital factor in the softening effect. In addition, more softener was found on the outer part of the yarn than the inner part, indicating gradation in the adsorption pattern of the softener. Thus, we propose that more softener is adsorbed on the exposed part of the yarn in a cloth, and the formation of a hydrogen-bonding network containing bound water is inhibited, thus softening the outer part of the yarn. However, the presence of a small amount of softener in the inner part of the yarn preserves the hydrogen-bonding network. Favorable elasticity, or bounce, of the yarns and cloth is realized when an appropriate amount of softener is used. Excess softener would reach the inner part of the yarn, reducing the diameter of the core part of the yarn, making the cloth appear wilted.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>27375354</pmid><doi>10.1007/s11743-016-1815-x</doi><tpages>15</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete |
| subjects | Adsorption Aquatic Pollution Bound water Bromophenol‐blue coloration method Chemistry Chemistry and Materials Science Cotton Cross‐linking Fabric softener Fabrics Gradation Hydrogen bonding Hydrogen bonds Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering Mechanism Original Original Article Physical Chemistry Polymer Sciences Surfaces and Interfaces Surfactants Thin Films Waste Water Technology Water Management Water Pollution Control |
| title | Elucidation of Softening Mechanism in Rinse-Cycle Fabric Softeners. Part 2: Uneven Adsorption—The Key Phenomenon to the Effect of Fabric Softeners |
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