Prevalence and Impact of Anemia on Basic Trainees in the US Air Force
Background Anemia has been implicated in adverse health outcomes of athletes and military trainees, ranging from overuse injuries to degraded physical and cognitive performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate prevalence of anemia among US Air Force (USAF) basic trainees, to compare phy...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Sports medicine - open 2016-05, Vol.2 (1), p.23, Article 23 |
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| creator | Myhre, Kathryn E. Webber, Bryant J. Cropper, Thomas L. Tchandja, Juste N. Ahrendt, Dale M. Dillon, Christopher A. Haas, Roy W. Guy, Samantha L. Pawlak, Mary T. Federinko, Susan P. |
| description | Background
Anemia has been implicated in adverse health outcomes of athletes and military trainees, ranging from overuse injuries to degraded physical and cognitive performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate prevalence of anemia among US Air Force (USAF) basic trainees, to compare physical performance and discharge rates between anemic and non-anemic trainees, and to determine the risks and relative risks of being discharged for anemic versus non-anemic women and men.
Methods
All USAF basic trainees were screened for anemia between July 2013 and January 2014, during an 8-week basic training course at Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, TX. Age, sex, screening hemoglobin, anthropometric measurements, initial/final physical fitness assessment scores, and discharge data were collected from trainees. Those identified as anemic (hemoglobin |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1186/s40798-016-0047-y |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>pubmed_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_4863912</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>27239430</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c442t-efa4273291ccb7508d4d11894774b0c6159f2b100a1f6ceaeadad0bfa99952103</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kMFKAzEQhoMottQ-gBfJC6xmstnN5iLU0mqhoGB7Dtlsto10syVpC317U1eLXjzNz8z8_zAfQrdA7gGK_CEwwkWREMgTQhhPjheoTyF2BM_h8kuLBICTHhqGYEuSEcZYStJr1KOcpiLqPpq8eXNQG-O0wcpVeNZsld7htsYjZxqrcOvwkwpW44VX1hkTsHV4tzZ4-Y5H1uNp67W5QVe12gQz_K4DtJxOFuOXZP76PBuP5olmjO4SUytGeUoFaF3yjBQVq-IvgnHOSqJzyERNSyBEQZ1ro4yqVEXKWgkhMgokHaDHLne7LxtTaeN2Xm3k1ttG-aNslZV_J86u5ao9SFbkqQAaA6AL0L4NwZv67AUiT1hlh1VGrPKEVR6j5-730bPjB2JcoN1CiCO3Ml5-tHvvIoh_Uj8BtuyDSg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype></control><display><type>article</type><title>Prevalence and Impact of Anemia on Basic Trainees in the US Air Force</title><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>SpringerLink Journals</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>PubMed Central Open Access</source><source>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</source><creator>Myhre, Kathryn E. ; Webber, Bryant J. ; Cropper, Thomas L. ; Tchandja, Juste N. ; Ahrendt, Dale M. ; Dillon, Christopher A. ; Haas, Roy W. ; Guy, Samantha L. ; Pawlak, Mary T. ; Federinko, Susan P.</creator><creatorcontrib>Myhre, Kathryn E. ; Webber, Bryant J. ; Cropper, Thomas L. ; Tchandja, Juste N. ; Ahrendt, Dale M. ; Dillon, Christopher A. ; Haas, Roy W. ; Guy, Samantha L. ; Pawlak, Mary T. ; Federinko, Susan P.</creatorcontrib><description><![CDATA[Background
Anemia has been implicated in adverse health outcomes of athletes and military trainees, ranging from overuse injuries to degraded physical and cognitive performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate prevalence of anemia among US Air Force (USAF) basic trainees, to compare physical performance and discharge rates between anemic and non-anemic trainees, and to determine the risks and relative risks of being discharged for anemic versus non-anemic women and men.
Methods
All USAF basic trainees were screened for anemia between July 2013 and January 2014, during an 8-week basic training course at Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, TX. Age, sex, screening hemoglobin, anthropometric measurements, initial/final physical fitness assessment scores, and discharge data were collected from trainees. Those identified as anemic (hemoglobin <13.5 g/dL for males and <12.0 g/dL for females) received additional labwork, nutritional counseling, and oral iron-replacement, if indicated. Mean percent improvement was calculated for all performance parameters from beginning to end of training. Anemic trainees were compared to non-anemic trainees by
t
test with Welch modification. Results were stratified by sex and anemia severity with post-hoc Bonferroni correction.
Results
Prevalence of anemia was 12.6 % (
N
= 18,827). Respective prevalence of borderline, moderate, and severe anemia was 12.6, 10.9, and 1.9 % for females and 4.8, 3.8, and 0.3 % for males. Mean 1.5-mile run-time, push-up and sit-up counts improved from beginning to end of training for both anemic and non-anemic trainees (
p
< 0.001 both). Non-anemic trainees had slightly greater run-time improvements than borderline and moderate anemics (female: 17.7 vs. 15.2, and 15.1 % improvement,
p
< 0.05 both; male: 14.9 vs. 13.2, and 13.5 % improvement,
p
< 0.05 both). One-way ANOVA demonstrated statistically significant differences between initial and final fitness data for all measures and both genders (
p
< 0.001) with the exception of final sit-up counts for male trainees (
p
= 0.082). Discharge rate for anemic trainees was 9.0 % (20 % for severely anemic trainees) as compared to 5.7 % for non-anemics.
Conclusions
Anemia was prevalent among USAF basic trainees. Identification and treatment of anemia may optimize physical performance and decrease the rate of medical discharge.]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 2199-1170</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2198-9761</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1186/s40798-016-0047-y</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27239430</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Original ; Original Research Article ; Sports Medicine</subject><ispartof>Sports medicine - open, 2016-05, Vol.2 (1), p.23, Article 23</ispartof><rights>Myhre et al. 2016</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c442t-efa4273291ccb7508d4d11894774b0c6159f2b100a1f6ceaeadad0bfa99952103</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c442t-efa4273291ccb7508d4d11894774b0c6159f2b100a1f6ceaeadad0bfa99952103</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4863912/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4863912/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,27901,27902,41096,41464,42165,42533,51294,51551,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27239430$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Myhre, Kathryn E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Webber, Bryant J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cropper, Thomas L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tchandja, Juste N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahrendt, Dale M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dillon, Christopher A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Haas, Roy W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guy, Samantha L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pawlak, Mary T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Federinko, Susan P.</creatorcontrib><title>Prevalence and Impact of Anemia on Basic Trainees in the US Air Force</title><title>Sports medicine - open</title><addtitle>Sports Med - Open</addtitle><addtitle>Sports Med Open</addtitle><description><![CDATA[Background
Anemia has been implicated in adverse health outcomes of athletes and military trainees, ranging from overuse injuries to degraded physical and cognitive performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate prevalence of anemia among US Air Force (USAF) basic trainees, to compare physical performance and discharge rates between anemic and non-anemic trainees, and to determine the risks and relative risks of being discharged for anemic versus non-anemic women and men.
Methods
All USAF basic trainees were screened for anemia between July 2013 and January 2014, during an 8-week basic training course at Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, TX. Age, sex, screening hemoglobin, anthropometric measurements, initial/final physical fitness assessment scores, and discharge data were collected from trainees. Those identified as anemic (hemoglobin <13.5 g/dL for males and <12.0 g/dL for females) received additional labwork, nutritional counseling, and oral iron-replacement, if indicated. Mean percent improvement was calculated for all performance parameters from beginning to end of training. Anemic trainees were compared to non-anemic trainees by
t
test with Welch modification. Results were stratified by sex and anemia severity with post-hoc Bonferroni correction.
Results
Prevalence of anemia was 12.6 % (
N
= 18,827). Respective prevalence of borderline, moderate, and severe anemia was 12.6, 10.9, and 1.9 % for females and 4.8, 3.8, and 0.3 % for males. Mean 1.5-mile run-time, push-up and sit-up counts improved from beginning to end of training for both anemic and non-anemic trainees (
p
< 0.001 both). Non-anemic trainees had slightly greater run-time improvements than borderline and moderate anemics (female: 17.7 vs. 15.2, and 15.1 % improvement,
p
< 0.05 both; male: 14.9 vs. 13.2, and 13.5 % improvement,
p
< 0.05 both). One-way ANOVA demonstrated statistically significant differences between initial and final fitness data for all measures and both genders (
p
< 0.001) with the exception of final sit-up counts for male trainees (
p
= 0.082). Discharge rate for anemic trainees was 9.0 % (20 % for severely anemic trainees) as compared to 5.7 % for non-anemics.
Conclusions
Anemia was prevalent among USAF basic trainees. Identification and treatment of anemia may optimize physical performance and decrease the rate of medical discharge.]]></description><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Original</subject><subject>Original Research Article</subject><subject>Sports Medicine</subject><issn>2199-1170</issn><issn>2198-9761</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kMFKAzEQhoMottQ-gBfJC6xmstnN5iLU0mqhoGB7Dtlsto10syVpC317U1eLXjzNz8z8_zAfQrdA7gGK_CEwwkWREMgTQhhPjheoTyF2BM_h8kuLBICTHhqGYEuSEcZYStJr1KOcpiLqPpq8eXNQG-O0wcpVeNZsld7htsYjZxqrcOvwkwpW44VX1hkTsHV4tzZ4-Y5H1uNp67W5QVe12gQz_K4DtJxOFuOXZP76PBuP5olmjO4SUytGeUoFaF3yjBQVq-IvgnHOSqJzyERNSyBEQZ1ro4yqVEXKWgkhMgokHaDHLne7LxtTaeN2Xm3k1ttG-aNslZV_J86u5ao9SFbkqQAaA6AL0L4NwZv67AUiT1hlh1VGrPKEVR6j5-730bPjB2JcoN1CiCO3Ml5-tHvvIoh_Uj8BtuyDSg</recordid><startdate>20160511</startdate><enddate>20160511</enddate><creator>Myhre, Kathryn E.</creator><creator>Webber, Bryant J.</creator><creator>Cropper, Thomas L.</creator><creator>Tchandja, Juste N.</creator><creator>Ahrendt, Dale M.</creator><creator>Dillon, Christopher A.</creator><creator>Haas, Roy W.</creator><creator>Guy, Samantha L.</creator><creator>Pawlak, Mary T.</creator><creator>Federinko, Susan P.</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20160511</creationdate><title>Prevalence and Impact of Anemia on Basic Trainees in the US Air Force</title><author>Myhre, Kathryn E. ; Webber, Bryant J. ; Cropper, Thomas L. ; Tchandja, Juste N. ; Ahrendt, Dale M. ; Dillon, Christopher A. ; Haas, Roy W. ; Guy, Samantha L. ; Pawlak, Mary T. ; Federinko, Susan P.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c442t-efa4273291ccb7508d4d11894774b0c6159f2b100a1f6ceaeadad0bfa99952103</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Original</topic><topic>Original Research Article</topic><topic>Sports Medicine</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Myhre, Kathryn E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Webber, Bryant J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cropper, Thomas L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tchandja, Juste N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahrendt, Dale M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dillon, Christopher A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Haas, Roy W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guy, Samantha L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pawlak, Mary T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Federinko, Susan P.</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Sports medicine - open</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Myhre, Kathryn E.</au><au>Webber, Bryant J.</au><au>Cropper, Thomas L.</au><au>Tchandja, Juste N.</au><au>Ahrendt, Dale M.</au><au>Dillon, Christopher A.</au><au>Haas, Roy W.</au><au>Guy, Samantha L.</au><au>Pawlak, Mary T.</au><au>Federinko, Susan P.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Prevalence and Impact of Anemia on Basic Trainees in the US Air Force</atitle><jtitle>Sports medicine - open</jtitle><stitle>Sports Med - Open</stitle><addtitle>Sports Med Open</addtitle><date>2016-05-11</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>2</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>23</spage><pages>23-</pages><artnum>23</artnum><issn>2199-1170</issn><eissn>2198-9761</eissn><abstract><![CDATA[Background
Anemia has been implicated in adverse health outcomes of athletes and military trainees, ranging from overuse injuries to degraded physical and cognitive performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate prevalence of anemia among US Air Force (USAF) basic trainees, to compare physical performance and discharge rates between anemic and non-anemic trainees, and to determine the risks and relative risks of being discharged for anemic versus non-anemic women and men.
Methods
All USAF basic trainees were screened for anemia between July 2013 and January 2014, during an 8-week basic training course at Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, TX. Age, sex, screening hemoglobin, anthropometric measurements, initial/final physical fitness assessment scores, and discharge data were collected from trainees. Those identified as anemic (hemoglobin <13.5 g/dL for males and <12.0 g/dL for females) received additional labwork, nutritional counseling, and oral iron-replacement, if indicated. Mean percent improvement was calculated for all performance parameters from beginning to end of training. Anemic trainees were compared to non-anemic trainees by
t
test with Welch modification. Results were stratified by sex and anemia severity with post-hoc Bonferroni correction.
Results
Prevalence of anemia was 12.6 % (
N
= 18,827). Respective prevalence of borderline, moderate, and severe anemia was 12.6, 10.9, and 1.9 % for females and 4.8, 3.8, and 0.3 % for males. Mean 1.5-mile run-time, push-up and sit-up counts improved from beginning to end of training for both anemic and non-anemic trainees (
p
< 0.001 both). Non-anemic trainees had slightly greater run-time improvements than borderline and moderate anemics (female: 17.7 vs. 15.2, and 15.1 % improvement,
p
< 0.05 both; male: 14.9 vs. 13.2, and 13.5 % improvement,
p
< 0.05 both). One-way ANOVA demonstrated statistically significant differences between initial and final fitness data for all measures and both genders (
p
< 0.001) with the exception of final sit-up counts for male trainees (
p
= 0.082). Discharge rate for anemic trainees was 9.0 % (20 % for severely anemic trainees) as compared to 5.7 % for non-anemics.
Conclusions
Anemia was prevalent among USAF basic trainees. Identification and treatment of anemia may optimize physical performance and decrease the rate of medical discharge.]]></abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>27239430</pmid><doi>10.1186/s40798-016-0047-y</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Medicine Medicine & Public Health Original Original Research Article Sports Medicine |
| title | Prevalence and Impact of Anemia on Basic Trainees in the US Air Force |
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