Self-Reported Experiences of Discrimination and Inflammation Among Men and Women: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Objective: To examine associations of lifetime and everyday discrimination with inflammation independent of sociodemographic characteristics. Method: Cross-sectional associations of self-reported experiences of everyday discrimination and lifetime discrimination with interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-react...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Health psychology 2016-04, Vol.35 (4), p.343-350 |
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| creator | Kershaw, Kiarri N Lewis, Tené T Roux, Ana V. Diez Jenny, Nancy S Liu, Kiang Penedo, Frank J Carnethon, Mercedes R |
| description | Objective: To examine associations of lifetime and everyday discrimination with inflammation independent of sociodemographic characteristics. Method: Cross-sectional associations of self-reported experiences of everyday discrimination and lifetime discrimination with interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were examined by gender in a multiethnic sample of 3,099 men and 3,468 women aged 45-84 years. Everyday discrimination, lifetime discrimination due to any attribution, and lifetime discrimination attributed to race/ethnicity were based on self-report, and IL-6 and CRP were assayed from blood samples. Results: Among women, higher levels of all 3 discrimination measures were significantly associated with higher IL-6 in models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, recent infection, anti-inflammatory medication use, and hormone replacement therapy use. All associations were attenuated with adjustment for body mass index (BMI). For men, everyday discrimination was inversely associated with IL-6 in all adjusted models. Lifetime discrimination was not related to IL-6 among men. Discrimination was unassociated with CRP in all models for both men and women. Conclusions: The association between discrimination and inflammation varied by gender and marker of inflammation. These findings highlight the complex relationship between discrimination and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and point to areas in need of further research. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1037/hea0000331 |
| format | Article |
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Diez ; Jenny, Nancy S ; Liu, Kiang ; Penedo, Frank J ; Carnethon, Mercedes R</creator><contributor>Kazak, Anne E ; Brondolo, Elizabeth ; Ruiz, John M</contributor><creatorcontrib>Kershaw, Kiarri N ; Lewis, Tené T ; Roux, Ana V. Diez ; Jenny, Nancy S ; Liu, Kiang ; Penedo, Frank J ; Carnethon, Mercedes R ; Kazak, Anne E ; Brondolo, Elizabeth ; Ruiz, John M</creatorcontrib><description>Objective: To examine associations of lifetime and everyday discrimination with inflammation independent of sociodemographic characteristics. Method: Cross-sectional associations of self-reported experiences of everyday discrimination and lifetime discrimination with interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were examined by gender in a multiethnic sample of 3,099 men and 3,468 women aged 45-84 years. Everyday discrimination, lifetime discrimination due to any attribution, and lifetime discrimination attributed to race/ethnicity were based on self-report, and IL-6 and CRP were assayed from blood samples. Results: Among women, higher levels of all 3 discrimination measures were significantly associated with higher IL-6 in models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, recent infection, anti-inflammatory medication use, and hormone replacement therapy use. All associations were attenuated with adjustment for body mass index (BMI). For men, everyday discrimination was inversely associated with IL-6 in all adjusted models. Lifetime discrimination was not related to IL-6 among men. Discrimination was unassociated with CRP in all models for both men and women. Conclusions: The association between discrimination and inflammation varied by gender and marker of inflammation. These findings highlight the complex relationship between discrimination and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and point to areas in need of further research.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0278-6133</identifier><identifier>ISBN: 9781433823169</identifier><identifier>ISBN: 1433823160</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1930-7810</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1037/hea0000331</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27018725</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Psychological Association</publisher><subject>Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Atherosclerosis ; Atherosclerosis - blood ; Atherosclerosis - psychology ; Attribution ; Biomarkers - blood ; Blood tests ; Body mass index ; C-reactive protein ; C-Reactive Protein - metabolism ; Cardiovascular diseases ; Cardiovascular Disorders ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Demographic Characteristics ; Discrimination ; Drugs ; Ethnicity ; Female ; Gender ; Hormone replacement therapy ; Human ; Human Sex Differences ; Humans ; Infections ; Inflammation ; Inflammation - blood ; Interleukin-6 - blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Professional associations ; Race ; Race and Ethnic Discrimination ; Racism ; Risk Factors ; Self Report ; Sociodemographics ; Stress, Psychological - blood ; Stress, Psychological - complications ; Women</subject><ispartof>Health psychology, 2016-04, Vol.35 (4), p.343-350</ispartof><rights>2016 American Psychological Association</rights><rights>(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).</rights><rights>2016, American Psychological Association</rights><rights>Copyright American Psychological Association Apr 2016</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a470t-6629ef70bc971619f97b73257768b8cfbdf8ea2605e072246d08ca77d4aefdba3</citedby><orcidid>0000-0001-7035-0848</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925,30999</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27018725$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Kazak, Anne E</contributor><contributor>Brondolo, Elizabeth</contributor><contributor>Ruiz, John M</contributor><creatorcontrib>Kershaw, Kiarri N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lewis, Tené T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roux, Ana V. Diez</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jenny, Nancy S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Kiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Penedo, Frank J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carnethon, Mercedes R</creatorcontrib><title>Self-Reported Experiences of Discrimination and Inflammation Among Men and Women: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</title><title>Health psychology</title><addtitle>Health Psychol</addtitle><description>Objective: To examine associations of lifetime and everyday discrimination with inflammation independent of sociodemographic characteristics. Method: Cross-sectional associations of self-reported experiences of everyday discrimination and lifetime discrimination with interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were examined by gender in a multiethnic sample of 3,099 men and 3,468 women aged 45-84 years. Everyday discrimination, lifetime discrimination due to any attribution, and lifetime discrimination attributed to race/ethnicity were based on self-report, and IL-6 and CRP were assayed from blood samples. Results: Among women, higher levels of all 3 discrimination measures were significantly associated with higher IL-6 in models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, recent infection, anti-inflammatory medication use, and hormone replacement therapy use. All associations were attenuated with adjustment for body mass index (BMI). For men, everyday discrimination was inversely associated with IL-6 in all adjusted models. Lifetime discrimination was not related to IL-6 among men. Discrimination was unassociated with CRP in all models for both men and women. Conclusions: The association between discrimination and inflammation varied by gender and marker of inflammation. These findings highlight the complex relationship between discrimination and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and point to areas in need of further research.</description><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Atherosclerosis</subject><subject>Atherosclerosis - blood</subject><subject>Atherosclerosis - psychology</subject><subject>Attribution</subject><subject>Biomarkers - blood</subject><subject>Blood tests</subject><subject>Body mass index</subject><subject>C-reactive protein</subject><subject>C-Reactive Protein - metabolism</subject><subject>Cardiovascular diseases</subject><subject>Cardiovascular Disorders</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Demographic Characteristics</subject><subject>Discrimination</subject><subject>Drugs</subject><subject>Ethnicity</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gender</subject><subject>Hormone replacement therapy</subject><subject>Human</subject><subject>Human Sex Differences</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Inflammation - blood</subject><subject>Interleukin-6 - blood</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Professional associations</subject><subject>Race</subject><subject>Race and Ethnic Discrimination</subject><subject>Racism</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Self Report</subject><subject>Sociodemographics</subject><subject>Stress, Psychological - blood</subject><subject>Stress, Psychological - complications</subject><subject>Women</subject><issn>0278-6133</issn><issn>1930-7810</issn><isbn>9781433823169</isbn><isbn>1433823160</isbn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kk1v1DAQhi0-RJfSCz8AReKCQAF_JJmEA9KqLFCpFRIt4mg5zrjrKrGDnaCu-ufxKqV8HPDBI3kev5p3Zgh5yuhrRgW82aKi6QjB7pEVawTNoWb0PjlqUiyEqLlgVfOArCiHOq-YEAfkcYxX6Q9vyvIROeBAWQ28XJGbc-xN_gVHHybsss31iMGi0xgzb7L3NupgB-vUZL3LlOuyE2d6NQzLw3rw7jI7wyX1zQ_o3mYXW8zO5n6y-WbaOquz82nudnu59bTF4KPu97eNT8hDo_qIR7fxkHz9sLk4_pSffv54crw-zVUBdMqrijdogLa6AVaxxjTQguAlQFW3tTZtZ2pUvKIlUuC8qDpaawXQFQpN1ypxSN4tuuPcDthpdFNQvRyTMxV20isr_844u5WX_ocsagaihCTw4lYg-O8zxkkOqTHY98qhn6NkAEChYrxM6PN_0Cs_B5fsSVYLkRwkvf9SyVZyXJY8US8XSqd2xYDmrmRG5X4T5O9NSPCzP03eob9GnYBXC6BGJce40ypMNo0i6jmEZHwvJkUpCynSDv0ESd68LQ</recordid><startdate>201604</startdate><enddate>201604</enddate><creator>Kershaw, Kiarri N</creator><creator>Lewis, Tené T</creator><creator>Roux, Ana V. Diez</creator><creator>Jenny, Nancy S</creator><creator>Liu, Kiang</creator><creator>Penedo, Frank J</creator><creator>Carnethon, Mercedes R</creator><general>American Psychological Association</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7RZ</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7035-0848</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>201604</creationdate><title>Self-Reported Experiences of Discrimination and Inflammation Among Men and Women: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</title><author>Kershaw, Kiarri N ; Lewis, Tené T ; Roux, Ana V. Diez ; Jenny, Nancy S ; Liu, Kiang ; Penedo, Frank J ; Carnethon, Mercedes R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a470t-6629ef70bc971619f97b73257768b8cfbdf8ea2605e072246d08ca77d4aefdba3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aged, 80 and over</topic><topic>Atherosclerosis</topic><topic>Atherosclerosis - blood</topic><topic>Atherosclerosis - psychology</topic><topic>Attribution</topic><topic>Biomarkers - blood</topic><topic>Blood tests</topic><topic>Body mass index</topic><topic>C-reactive protein</topic><topic>C-Reactive Protein - metabolism</topic><topic>Cardiovascular diseases</topic><topic>Cardiovascular Disorders</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Demographic Characteristics</topic><topic>Discrimination</topic><topic>Drugs</topic><topic>Ethnicity</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Gender</topic><topic>Hormone replacement therapy</topic><topic>Human</topic><topic>Human Sex Differences</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>Inflammation - blood</topic><topic>Interleukin-6 - blood</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Professional associations</topic><topic>Race</topic><topic>Race and Ethnic Discrimination</topic><topic>Racism</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Self Report</topic><topic>Sociodemographics</topic><topic>Stress, Psychological - blood</topic><topic>Stress, Psychological - complications</topic><topic>Women</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kershaw, Kiarri N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lewis, Tené T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roux, Ana V. Diez</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jenny, Nancy S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Kiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Penedo, Frank J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carnethon, Mercedes R</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Access via APA PsycArticles® (ProQuest)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Health psychology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kershaw, Kiarri N</au><au>Lewis, Tené T</au><au>Roux, Ana V. Diez</au><au>Jenny, Nancy S</au><au>Liu, Kiang</au><au>Penedo, Frank J</au><au>Carnethon, Mercedes R</au><au>Kazak, Anne E</au><au>Brondolo, Elizabeth</au><au>Ruiz, John M</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Self-Reported Experiences of Discrimination and Inflammation Among Men and Women: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</atitle><jtitle>Health psychology</jtitle><addtitle>Health Psychol</addtitle><date>2016-04</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>35</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>343</spage><epage>350</epage><pages>343-350</pages><issn>0278-6133</issn><eissn>1930-7810</eissn><isbn>9781433823169</isbn><isbn>1433823160</isbn><abstract>Objective: To examine associations of lifetime and everyday discrimination with inflammation independent of sociodemographic characteristics. Method: Cross-sectional associations of self-reported experiences of everyday discrimination and lifetime discrimination with interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were examined by gender in a multiethnic sample of 3,099 men and 3,468 women aged 45-84 years. Everyday discrimination, lifetime discrimination due to any attribution, and lifetime discrimination attributed to race/ethnicity were based on self-report, and IL-6 and CRP were assayed from blood samples. Results: Among women, higher levels of all 3 discrimination measures were significantly associated with higher IL-6 in models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, recent infection, anti-inflammatory medication use, and hormone replacement therapy use. All associations were attenuated with adjustment for body mass index (BMI). For men, everyday discrimination was inversely associated with IL-6 in all adjusted models. Lifetime discrimination was not related to IL-6 among men. Discrimination was unassociated with CRP in all models for both men and women. Conclusions: The association between discrimination and inflammation varied by gender and marker of inflammation. These findings highlight the complex relationship between discrimination and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and point to areas in need of further research.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Psychological Association</pub><pmid>27018725</pmid><doi>10.1037/hea0000331</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7035-0848</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Aged Aged, 80 and over Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis - blood Atherosclerosis - psychology Attribution Biomarkers - blood Blood tests Body mass index C-reactive protein C-Reactive Protein - metabolism Cardiovascular diseases Cardiovascular Disorders Cross-Sectional Studies Demographic Characteristics Discrimination Drugs Ethnicity Female Gender Hormone replacement therapy Human Human Sex Differences Humans Infections Inflammation Inflammation - blood Interleukin-6 - blood Male Middle Aged Professional associations Race Race and Ethnic Discrimination Racism Risk Factors Self Report Sociodemographics Stress, Psychological - blood Stress, Psychological - complications Women |
| title | Self-Reported Experiences of Discrimination and Inflammation Among Men and Women: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis |
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