The importance of non-nuclear AR signaling in prostate cancer progression and therapeutic resistance
The androgen receptor (AR) remains the major oncogenic driver of prostate cancer, as evidenced by the efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in naïve patients, and the continued effectiveness of second generation ADTs in castration resistant disease. However, current ADTs are limited to inte...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Cellular signalling 2016-05, Vol.28 (5), p.348-356 |
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description | The androgen receptor (AR) remains the major oncogenic driver of prostate cancer, as evidenced by the efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in naïve patients, and the continued effectiveness of second generation ADTs in castration resistant disease. However, current ADTs are limited to interfering with AR ligand binding, either through suppression of androgen production or the use of competitive antagonists. Recent studies demonstrate 1) the expression of constitutively active AR splice variants that no longer depend on androgen, and 2) the ability of AR to signal in the cytoplasm independently of its transcriptional activity (non-genomic); thus highlighting the need to consider other ways to target AR. Herein, we review canonical AR signaling, but focus on AR non-genomic signaling, some of its downstream targets and how these effectors contribute to prostate cancer cell behavior. The goals of this review are to 1) re-highlight the continued importance of AR in prostate cancer as the primary driver, 2) discuss the limitations in continuing to use ligand binding as the sole targeting mechanism, 3) discuss the implications of AR non-genomic signaling in cancer progression and therapeutic resistance, and 4) address the need to consider non-genomic AR signaling mechanisms and pathways as a viable targeting strategy in combination with current therapies.
•Androgen receptor (AR) remains the major driver of prostate cancer.•New generation therapies, enzalutamide and abiraterone, target nuclear AR functions.•AR splice variants and non-genomic cytoplasmic AR signaling are 2 escape mechanisms.•Therapeutic strategies that go beyond ligand binding and nuclear action are required. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.01.013 |
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•Androgen receptor (AR) remains the major driver of prostate cancer.•New generation therapies, enzalutamide and abiraterone, target nuclear AR functions.•AR splice variants and non-genomic cytoplasmic AR signaling are 2 escape mechanisms.•Therapeutic strategies that go beyond ligand binding and nuclear action are required.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0898-6568</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-3913</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.01.013</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26829214</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Androgen receptor ; Androgen Receptor Antagonists - therapeutic use ; Binding ; Cancer ; Cellular ; Disease Progression ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Humans ; Ligands ; Male ; Non-genomic signaling ; Patients ; Progressions ; Prostate ; Prostate - metabolism ; Prostate cancer ; Prostatic Neoplasms - drug therapy ; Prostatic Neoplasms - genetics ; Prostatic Neoplasms - metabolism ; Receptors, Androgen - metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Therapy ; Transcription, Genetic</subject><ispartof>Cellular signalling, 2016-05, Vol.28 (5), p.348-356</ispartof><rights>2016 Elsevier Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c566t-4d85c68c5df2b44ed2b736f0a6dba213cbfd8dc1335a7d4879af7601cf91e7df3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c566t-4d85c68c5df2b44ed2b736f0a6dba213cbfd8dc1335a7d4879af7601cf91e7df3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.01.013$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,782,786,887,3552,27931,27932,46002</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26829214$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zarif, Jelani C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miranti, Cindy K.</creatorcontrib><title>The importance of non-nuclear AR signaling in prostate cancer progression and therapeutic resistance</title><title>Cellular signalling</title><addtitle>Cell Signal</addtitle><description>The androgen receptor (AR) remains the major oncogenic driver of prostate cancer, as evidenced by the efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in naïve patients, and the continued effectiveness of second generation ADTs in castration resistant disease. However, current ADTs are limited to interfering with AR ligand binding, either through suppression of androgen production or the use of competitive antagonists. Recent studies demonstrate 1) the expression of constitutively active AR splice variants that no longer depend on androgen, and 2) the ability of AR to signal in the cytoplasm independently of its transcriptional activity (non-genomic); thus highlighting the need to consider other ways to target AR. Herein, we review canonical AR signaling, but focus on AR non-genomic signaling, some of its downstream targets and how these effectors contribute to prostate cancer cell behavior. The goals of this review are to 1) re-highlight the continued importance of AR in prostate cancer as the primary driver, 2) discuss the limitations in continuing to use ligand binding as the sole targeting mechanism, 3) discuss the implications of AR non-genomic signaling in cancer progression and therapeutic resistance, and 4) address the need to consider non-genomic AR signaling mechanisms and pathways as a viable targeting strategy in combination with current therapies.
•Androgen receptor (AR) remains the major driver of prostate cancer.•New generation therapies, enzalutamide and abiraterone, target nuclear AR functions.•AR splice variants and non-genomic cytoplasmic AR signaling are 2 escape mechanisms.•Therapeutic strategies that go beyond ligand binding and nuclear action are required.</description><subject>Androgen receptor</subject><subject>Androgen Receptor Antagonists - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Binding</subject><subject>Cancer</subject><subject>Cellular</subject><subject>Disease Progression</subject><subject>Drug Resistance, Neoplasm</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Ligands</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Non-genomic signaling</subject><subject>Patients</subject><subject>Progressions</subject><subject>Prostate</subject><subject>Prostate - metabolism</subject><subject>Prostate cancer</subject><subject>Prostatic Neoplasms - drug therapy</subject><subject>Prostatic Neoplasms - genetics</subject><subject>Prostatic Neoplasms - metabolism</subject><subject>Receptors, Androgen - metabolism</subject><subject>Signal Transduction</subject><subject>Therapy</subject><subject>Transcription, Genetic</subject><issn>0898-6568</issn><issn>1873-3913</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFUVGL1DAQDqJ4e6c_QcmjL10zTZukL8px6CkcCHI-hzSZ7mbpJjVpD_z3pu566NPBQJjJN9_MfB8hb4BtgYF4f9haHMfsd9u6pFsGJfgzsgElecU74M_JhqlOVaIV6oJc5nxgDFom6pfkohaq7mpoNsTd75H64xTTbIJFGgcaYqjCYkc0iV5_p2VEMKMPO-oDnVLMs5mR2hWd1nyXMGcfAzXB0XmPyUy4zN7SUvf5D-sr8mIwY8bX5_eK_Pj86f7mS3X37fbrzfVdZVsh5qpxqrVC2dYNdd806OpecjEwI1xvauC2H5xyFjhvjXSNkp0ZpGBghw5QuoFfkQ8n3mnpj-gshjmZUU_JH036paPx-v-f4Pd6Fx90I5VqeVMI3p0JUvy5YJ710edVZxMwLlmDAsEktEo9DZWyVhxAraztCWqLejnh8LgRML2aqQ_6bKZezdQMSvDS9_bfcx67_rpXAB9PACyiPnhMOluPRXDnE9pZu-ifGPEbyUC2WQ</recordid><startdate>20160501</startdate><enddate>20160501</enddate><creator>Zarif, Jelani C.</creator><creator>Miranti, Cindy K.</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20160501</creationdate><title>The importance of non-nuclear AR signaling in prostate cancer progression and therapeutic resistance</title><author>Zarif, Jelani C. ; Miranti, Cindy K.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c566t-4d85c68c5df2b44ed2b736f0a6dba213cbfd8dc1335a7d4879af7601cf91e7df3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Androgen receptor</topic><topic>Androgen Receptor Antagonists - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Binding</topic><topic>Cancer</topic><topic>Cellular</topic><topic>Disease Progression</topic><topic>Drug Resistance, Neoplasm</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Ligands</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Non-genomic signaling</topic><topic>Patients</topic><topic>Progressions</topic><topic>Prostate</topic><topic>Prostate - metabolism</topic><topic>Prostate cancer</topic><topic>Prostatic Neoplasms - drug therapy</topic><topic>Prostatic Neoplasms - genetics</topic><topic>Prostatic Neoplasms - metabolism</topic><topic>Receptors, Androgen - metabolism</topic><topic>Signal Transduction</topic><topic>Therapy</topic><topic>Transcription, Genetic</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zarif, Jelani C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miranti, Cindy K.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Cellular signalling</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zarif, Jelani C.</au><au>Miranti, Cindy K.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The importance of non-nuclear AR signaling in prostate cancer progression and therapeutic resistance</atitle><jtitle>Cellular signalling</jtitle><addtitle>Cell Signal</addtitle><date>2016-05-01</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>28</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>348</spage><epage>356</epage><pages>348-356</pages><issn>0898-6568</issn><eissn>1873-3913</eissn><abstract>The androgen receptor (AR) remains the major oncogenic driver of prostate cancer, as evidenced by the efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in naïve patients, and the continued effectiveness of second generation ADTs in castration resistant disease. However, current ADTs are limited to interfering with AR ligand binding, either through suppression of androgen production or the use of competitive antagonists. Recent studies demonstrate 1) the expression of constitutively active AR splice variants that no longer depend on androgen, and 2) the ability of AR to signal in the cytoplasm independently of its transcriptional activity (non-genomic); thus highlighting the need to consider other ways to target AR. Herein, we review canonical AR signaling, but focus on AR non-genomic signaling, some of its downstream targets and how these effectors contribute to prostate cancer cell behavior. The goals of this review are to 1) re-highlight the continued importance of AR in prostate cancer as the primary driver, 2) discuss the limitations in continuing to use ligand binding as the sole targeting mechanism, 3) discuss the implications of AR non-genomic signaling in cancer progression and therapeutic resistance, and 4) address the need to consider non-genomic AR signaling mechanisms and pathways as a viable targeting strategy in combination with current therapies.
•Androgen receptor (AR) remains the major driver of prostate cancer.•New generation therapies, enzalutamide and abiraterone, target nuclear AR functions.•AR splice variants and non-genomic cytoplasmic AR signaling are 2 escape mechanisms.•Therapeutic strategies that go beyond ligand binding and nuclear action are required.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>26829214</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.01.013</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Androgen receptor Androgen Receptor Antagonists - therapeutic use Binding Cancer Cellular Disease Progression Drug Resistance, Neoplasm Humans Ligands Male Non-genomic signaling Patients Progressions Prostate Prostate - metabolism Prostate cancer Prostatic Neoplasms - drug therapy Prostatic Neoplasms - genetics Prostatic Neoplasms - metabolism Receptors, Androgen - metabolism Signal Transduction Therapy Transcription, Genetic |
title | The importance of non-nuclear AR signaling in prostate cancer progression and therapeutic resistance |
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