relationship between unhealthy food sales, socio-economic deprivation and childhood weight status: results of a cross-sectional study in England
BACKGROUND: Recent increases in obesity prevalence have led to research into the neighbourhood food environment. Research suggests that proximity and density of food outlets around the home is associated with childhood obesity prevalence, however, the evidence is inconclusive, and associations betwe...
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| creator | Howard Wilsher, Stephanie Harrison, Flo Yamoah, Fred Fearne, Andrew Jones, Andy |
| description | BACKGROUND: Recent increases in obesity prevalence have led to research into the neighbourhood food environment. Research suggests that proximity and density of food outlets around the home is associated with childhood obesity prevalence, however, the evidence is inconclusive, and associations between food outlet locations and diet are less clear. The purpose of this study is to assess area level associations between sales of unhealthy foods in supermarkets and weight status of children. METHODS: This study examined the association between weight status in children (4–5 year olds and 10–11 year olds) measured in the National Child Measurement Programme over three time points (2008/9, 2009/10, 2010/11) and annual sales of unhealthy foods (2012/3), as identified from a large supermarket chain. Geographical analysis was conducted to link store-based food sales for 537 stores with 6517 UK Census Areas. Unadjusted associations were examined with error-bar plots and linear regression was used to examine the relationship between the prevalence of overweight and obesity and sales of unhealthy food, while controlling for covariates known to predict weight status in children. RESULTS: A statistically significant relationship was identified between the sales of unhealthy foods and the prevalence of overweight and obese children in both age groups (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1186/s12966-016-0345-2 |
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Research suggests that proximity and density of food outlets around the home is associated with childhood obesity prevalence, however, the evidence is inconclusive, and associations between food outlet locations and diet are less clear. The purpose of this study is to assess area level associations between sales of unhealthy foods in supermarkets and weight status of children. METHODS: This study examined the association between weight status in children (4–5 year olds and 10–11 year olds) measured in the National Child Measurement Programme over three time points (2008/9, 2009/10, 2010/11) and annual sales of unhealthy foods (2012/3), as identified from a large supermarket chain. Geographical analysis was conducted to link store-based food sales for 537 stores with 6517 UK Census Areas. Unadjusted associations were examined with error-bar plots and linear regression was used to examine the relationship between the prevalence of overweight and obesity and sales of unhealthy food, while controlling for covariates known to predict weight status in children. RESULTS: A statistically significant relationship was identified between the sales of unhealthy foods and the prevalence of overweight and obese children in both age groups (p < 0.01). Of the covariates, area deprivation was positively associated with weight status (p < 0.001). Non-white population (%) was negatively associated (p < 0.001) with overweight and obesity among Reception children, but positively associated with the other weight statuses (p < 0.001). A higher proportion of children in the same age group were associated with statistically significantly lower overweight and obesity prevalence in Reception (p <0.01) but not Year 6 children. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides novel findings linking supermarket food sales with the weight status of children. Food sales in geographically referenced supermarkets are a valuable source of data for research into the factors that influence the weight of the surrounding population. Future research could identify factors that might modify food shopping in supermarkets and use of purchasing data could be an effective way to measure the impact of healthy eating campaigns on the weight status of children over time.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1479-5868</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1479-5868</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1186/s12966-016-0345-2</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26876236</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: BioMed Central</publisher><subject>Behavior ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; childhood ; childhood obesity ; children ; Children & youth ; Commerce - statistics & numerical data ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diet ; Diet - adverse effects ; Diet - economics ; Diet - statistics & numerical data ; England - epidemiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Food ; Food - economics ; Food - statistics & numerical data ; food purchasing ; foods ; Health aspects ; Health care ; healthy diet ; Humans ; linear models ; Male ; Medical research ; Nutrition research ; Obesity ; Obesity in children ; Pediatric Obesity - economics ; Pediatric Obesity - epidemiology ; Poverty - economics ; Poverty - statistics & numerical data ; Prevalence ; purchasing ; Residence Characteristics ; Sales ; Services ; Socioeconomic Factors ; socioeconomics ; Statistical analysis ; Studies ; Supermarkets</subject><ispartof>The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 2016-02, Vol.13 (1), p.21-21, Article 21</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2016 BioMed Central Ltd.</rights><rights>Copyright BioMed Central 2016</rights><rights>Howard Wilsher et al. 2016</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c552t-2ae945bcf1e6c0e6d4d5d4ced33f8d4cad379edc9f298c9364ed54565b3969153</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c552t-2ae945bcf1e6c0e6d4d5d4ced33f8d4cad379edc9f298c9364ed54565b3969153</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4753664/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4753664/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,728,781,785,865,886,27928,27929,53795,53797</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26876236$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Howard Wilsher, Stephanie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Harrison, Flo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yamoah, Fred</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fearne, Andrew</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jones, Andy</creatorcontrib><title>relationship between unhealthy food sales, socio-economic deprivation and childhood weight status: results of a cross-sectional study in England</title><title>The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity</title><addtitle>Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act</addtitle><description>BACKGROUND: Recent increases in obesity prevalence have led to research into the neighbourhood food environment. Research suggests that proximity and density of food outlets around the home is associated with childhood obesity prevalence, however, the evidence is inconclusive, and associations between food outlet locations and diet are less clear. The purpose of this study is to assess area level associations between sales of unhealthy foods in supermarkets and weight status of children. METHODS: This study examined the association between weight status in children (4–5 year olds and 10–11 year olds) measured in the National Child Measurement Programme over three time points (2008/9, 2009/10, 2010/11) and annual sales of unhealthy foods (2012/3), as identified from a large supermarket chain. Geographical analysis was conducted to link store-based food sales for 537 stores with 6517 UK Census Areas. Unadjusted associations were examined with error-bar plots and linear regression was used to examine the relationship between the prevalence of overweight and obesity and sales of unhealthy food, while controlling for covariates known to predict weight status in children. RESULTS: A statistically significant relationship was identified between the sales of unhealthy foods and the prevalence of overweight and obese children in both age groups (p < 0.01). Of the covariates, area deprivation was positively associated with weight status (p < 0.001). Non-white population (%) was negatively associated (p < 0.001) with overweight and obesity among Reception children, but positively associated with the other weight statuses (p < 0.001). A higher proportion of children in the same age group were associated with statistically significantly lower overweight and obesity prevalence in Reception (p <0.01) but not Year 6 children. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides novel findings linking supermarket food sales with the weight status of children. Food sales in geographically referenced supermarkets are a valuable source of data for research into the factors that influence the weight of the surrounding population. Future research could identify factors that might modify food shopping in supermarkets and use of purchasing data could be an effective way to measure the impact of healthy eating campaigns on the weight status of children over time.</description><subject>Behavior</subject><subject>Body Mass Index</subject><subject>Body Weight</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>childhood</subject><subject>childhood obesity</subject><subject>children</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Commerce - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>Diet - adverse effects</subject><subject>Diet - economics</subject><subject>Diet - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>England - epidemiology</subject><subject>Feeding Behavior</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Food - economics</subject><subject>Food - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>food purchasing</subject><subject>foods</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health care</subject><subject>healthy diet</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>linear models</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Nutrition research</subject><subject>Obesity</subject><subject>Obesity in children</subject><subject>Pediatric Obesity - economics</subject><subject>Pediatric Obesity - epidemiology</subject><subject>Poverty - economics</subject><subject>Poverty - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>purchasing</subject><subject>Residence Characteristics</subject><subject>Sales</subject><subject>Services</subject><subject>Socioeconomic Factors</subject><subject>socioeconomics</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Supermarkets</subject><issn>1479-5868</issn><issn>1479-5868</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNptkt9qFDEUxgdR7B99AG804E0FpyaTSSbxQiilaqEgWHsdssmZmZTZZDvJtO5b-MhmdmvtigxhQvL7vnDO-YriFcHHhAj-IZJKcl5ikhetWVk9KfZJ3ciSCS6ePtrvFQcxXmNMicDsebFXcdHwivL94tcIg04u-Ni7FVpAugPwaPI96CH1a9SGYFHUA8T3KAbjQgkm-LB0BllYje52I0baW2R6N9h-5u_AdX1CMek0xY9ohDgNKaLQIo3MGGIsI5hZp4cMTXaNnEdnvhuyzYviWauHCC_v_4fF1eezH6dfy4tvX85PTy5Kw1iVykqDrNnCtAS4wcBtbZmtDVhKW5E32tJGgjWyraQwkvIaLKsZZwsquSSMHhaftr6rabHMIPg06kHlkpZ6XKugndq98a5XXbhVdcMo53U2OLo3GMPNBDGppYsGhlwEhCkq0nAm8wQ2b739B70O05irnykpKiHyIP9SXW63cr4N-V0zm6qTmlEhcI1Jpo7_Q-XPQh5K8NC6fL4jeLcjyEyCn6nTU4zq_PL7Lku27GZKI7QP_SBYzZFT28ipHDk1R05VWfP6cSMfFH8yloE3W6DVQeludFFdXVbZAWMsGtIQ-ht_0tzs</recordid><startdate>20160215</startdate><enddate>20160215</enddate><creator>Howard Wilsher, Stephanie</creator><creator>Harrison, Flo</creator><creator>Yamoah, Fred</creator><creator>Fearne, Andrew</creator><creator>Jones, Andy</creator><general>BioMed Central</general><general>BioMed Central Ltd</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RQ</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20160215</creationdate><title>relationship between unhealthy food sales, socio-economic deprivation and childhood weight status: results of a cross-sectional study in England</title><author>Howard Wilsher, Stephanie ; Harrison, Flo ; Yamoah, Fred ; Fearne, Andrew ; Jones, Andy</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c552t-2ae945bcf1e6c0e6d4d5d4ced33f8d4cad379edc9f298c9364ed54565b3969153</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Behavior</topic><topic>Body Mass Index</topic><topic>Body Weight</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>childhood</topic><topic>childhood obesity</topic><topic>children</topic><topic>Children & youth</topic><topic>Commerce - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Howard Wilsher, Stephanie</au><au>Harrison, Flo</au><au>Yamoah, Fred</au><au>Fearne, Andrew</au><au>Jones, Andy</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>relationship between unhealthy food sales, socio-economic deprivation and childhood weight status: results of a cross-sectional study in England</atitle><jtitle>The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity</jtitle><addtitle>Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act</addtitle><date>2016-02-15</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>21</spage><epage>21</epage><pages>21-21</pages><artnum>21</artnum><issn>1479-5868</issn><eissn>1479-5868</eissn><abstract>BACKGROUND: Recent increases in obesity prevalence have led to research into the neighbourhood food environment. Research suggests that proximity and density of food outlets around the home is associated with childhood obesity prevalence, however, the evidence is inconclusive, and associations between food outlet locations and diet are less clear. The purpose of this study is to assess area level associations between sales of unhealthy foods in supermarkets and weight status of children. METHODS: This study examined the association between weight status in children (4–5 year olds and 10–11 year olds) measured in the National Child Measurement Programme over three time points (2008/9, 2009/10, 2010/11) and annual sales of unhealthy foods (2012/3), as identified from a large supermarket chain. Geographical analysis was conducted to link store-based food sales for 537 stores with 6517 UK Census Areas. Unadjusted associations were examined with error-bar plots and linear regression was used to examine the relationship between the prevalence of overweight and obesity and sales of unhealthy food, while controlling for covariates known to predict weight status in children. RESULTS: A statistically significant relationship was identified between the sales of unhealthy foods and the prevalence of overweight and obese children in both age groups (p < 0.01). Of the covariates, area deprivation was positively associated with weight status (p < 0.001). Non-white population (%) was negatively associated (p < 0.001) with overweight and obesity among Reception children, but positively associated with the other weight statuses (p < 0.001). A higher proportion of children in the same age group were associated with statistically significantly lower overweight and obesity prevalence in Reception (p <0.01) but not Year 6 children. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides novel findings linking supermarket food sales with the weight status of children. Food sales in geographically referenced supermarkets are a valuable source of data for research into the factors that influence the weight of the surrounding population. Future research could identify factors that might modify food shopping in supermarkets and use of purchasing data could be an effective way to measure the impact of healthy eating campaigns on the weight status of children over time.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>BioMed Central</pub><pmid>26876236</pmid><doi>10.1186/s12966-016-0345-2</doi><tpages>1</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; SpringerNature Journals; PubMed Central Open Access; Springer Nature OA Free Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Behavior Body Mass Index Body Weight Child Child, Preschool childhood childhood obesity children Children & youth Commerce - statistics & numerical data Cross-Sectional Studies Diet Diet - adverse effects Diet - economics Diet - statistics & numerical data England - epidemiology Feeding Behavior Female Food Food - economics Food - statistics & numerical data food purchasing foods Health aspects Health care healthy diet Humans linear models Male Medical research Nutrition research Obesity Obesity in children Pediatric Obesity - economics Pediatric Obesity - epidemiology Poverty - economics Poverty - statistics & numerical data Prevalence purchasing Residence Characteristics Sales Services Socioeconomic Factors socioeconomics Statistical analysis Studies Supermarkets |
| title | relationship between unhealthy food sales, socio-economic deprivation and childhood weight status: results of a cross-sectional study in England |
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