Biopsychosocial predictors of pain among women recovering from surgery for endometrial cancer

Abstract Objective This study investigated post-surgical changes in pain among endometrial cancer patients, as well as the extent to which emotional distress and inflammatory and regulatory cytokine levels were associated with pain. Methods Women ( N = 71) who underwent surgery for endometrial cancer completed questionnaires assessing pain intensity and interference, depression, and anxiety at 1 week, 4 weeks, and 16 weeks post-surgery. Participants also provided a blood sample for the analysis of a panel of 7 cytokines at the same time points. Results Participants showed significant declines in pain intensity and pain interference from 1 week to 4 weeks post-surgery, after which pain remained stable. After adjusting for time since surgery, surgery type, adjuvant therapy, disease stage, age, and BMI, mixed-effects linear regression models indicated that greater depression and anxiety were associated with both greater pain intensity and interference. Higher levels of circulating IL-6 were also correlated with greater pain intensity, but not interference. Fixed-effects linear regression models indicated that temporal variation in depression, anxiety, and IL-6 within individual patients was associated with corresponding changes in pain. Pain symptoms were maximal when anxiety, depression, and IL-6 were highest. No other cytokines were associated with changes in pain. Conclusion These findings indicate that depression, anxiety, and IL-6 may exacerbate pain during the recovery period following surgery for a gynecologic malignancy. Targeting these psychological processes and the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in women with more severe and persistent pain may help to reduce suffering and improve post-surgical recovery.