Disposable screen printed sensor for the electrochemical detection of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in undiluted saliva
Background Cannabis has an adverse effect on the ability to drive safely, therefore a rapid disposable test for Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis, is highly desirable for roadside testing. Results A screen printed carbon electrode is used for the N-(4-amino...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | BMC chemistry 2016-01, Vol.10 (1), p.1-1, Article 1 |
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| creator | Wanklyn, Ceri Burton, Dan Enston, Emma Bartlett, Carrie-Ann Taylor, Sarah Raniczkowska, Aleksandra Black, Murdo Murphy, Lindy |
| description | Background
Cannabis has an adverse effect on the ability to drive safely, therefore a rapid disposable test for Δ
9
-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ
9
-THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis, is highly desirable for roadside testing.
Results
A screen printed carbon electrode is used for the N-(4-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-methanesulfonamide mediated detection of Δ
9
-THC in saliva. Mediator placed in an overlayer was galvanostatically oxidized and reacted with Δ
9
-THC to give an electrochemically active adduct which could be detected by chronoamperometric reduction. Detection of 25-50 ng/mL Δ
9
-THC spiked into undiluted saliva was achieved with a response time of 30 s. A trial of the sensors with four cannabis smokers showed sensitivity of 28 %, specificity of 99 % and accuracy of 52 %.
Conclusions
Rapid electrochemical detection of Δ
9
-THC in undiluted saliva has been demonstrated using a disposable sensor, however the sensitivity is lower than acceptable. Further optimization of the assay and sensor format is required to improve the sensitivity of response to Δ
9
-THC. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1186/s13065-016-0148-1 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_4722664</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A447599576</galeid><sourcerecordid>A447599576</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c604t-e1ebf8c19638ef79fb02133f04717ee3ffbdef4d803eba3ed1ce4916de89f2723</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFUk1rFTEUHUSxtfoD3MiAGzdT8zX52AiltSoU3Ci4C5nMzXspeckzmXnQf2-mU8tTEAmXJDfnnNzcnKZ5jdE5xpK_L5gi3ncI8xpMdvhJc4pFTzrc0x9Pj9YnzYtSbhHqJebieXNCuEQCM3baHK582adihgBtsRkgtvvs4wRjWyCWlFtXY9pCCwHslJPdws5bE9oRpprwKbbJ1U2YTKe6CaZstndjxZkYzeBjCq2P7RxHH-Z7VRP8wbxsnjkTCrx6mM-a79cfv11-7m6-fvpyeXHTWY7Y1AGGwUmLFacSnFBuQART6hATWABQ54YRHBslojAYCiO2wBTmI0jliCD0rPmw6u7nYQejhVjrC7o-cWfynU7G6z9Pot_qTTpoJgjhnFWBdw8COf2coUx654uFEEyENBeNJeuFVPWq_0MFR4pQSZay3v4FvU1zjrUTVZD0SnJBF8HzFbUxAbSPLtUSbR3j8gUpgvM1f8GY6JXqBa8EvBJsTqVkcI8PxUgvjtGrY3R1jF4co3HlvDnu0CPjt0UqgKyAshhjA_mo1n-q_gLGls75</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1825986733</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Disposable screen printed sensor for the electrochemical detection of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in undiluted saliva</title><source>BioMedCentral</source><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>SpringerLink Journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Springer Nature OA/Free Journals</source><source>Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry</source><source>PubMed Central Open Access</source><creator>Wanklyn, Ceri ; Burton, Dan ; Enston, Emma ; Bartlett, Carrie-Ann ; Taylor, Sarah ; Raniczkowska, Aleksandra ; Black, Murdo ; Murphy, Lindy</creator><creatorcontrib>Wanklyn, Ceri ; Burton, Dan ; Enston, Emma ; Bartlett, Carrie-Ann ; Taylor, Sarah ; Raniczkowska, Aleksandra ; Black, Murdo ; Murphy, Lindy</creatorcontrib><description>Background
Cannabis has an adverse effect on the ability to drive safely, therefore a rapid disposable test for Δ
9
-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ
9
-THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis, is highly desirable for roadside testing.
Results
A screen printed carbon electrode is used for the N-(4-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-methanesulfonamide mediated detection of Δ
9
-THC in saliva. Mediator placed in an overlayer was galvanostatically oxidized and reacted with Δ
9
-THC to give an electrochemically active adduct which could be detected by chronoamperometric reduction. Detection of 25-50 ng/mL Δ
9
-THC spiked into undiluted saliva was achieved with a response time of 30 s. A trial of the sensors with four cannabis smokers showed sensitivity of 28 %, specificity of 99 % and accuracy of 52 %.
Conclusions
Rapid electrochemical detection of Δ
9
-THC in undiluted saliva has been demonstrated using a disposable sensor, however the sensitivity is lower than acceptable. Further optimization of the assay and sensor format is required to improve the sensitivity of response to Δ
9
-THC.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1752-153X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1752-153X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2661-801X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1186/s13065-016-0148-1</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26807144</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Analytical Chemistry ; Body fluids ; Cannabinoids ; Cannabis ; Carbon ; Chemicals ; Chemistry ; Chemistry and Materials Science ; Chemistry/Food Science ; Electrochemical analysis ; Electrodes ; Marijuana ; Research Article ; Roadsides ; Saliva ; Screens ; Sensors ; Tetrahydrocannabinol</subject><ispartof>BMC chemistry, 2016-01, Vol.10 (1), p.1-1, Article 1</ispartof><rights>Wanklyn et al. 2016</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2016 BioMed Central Ltd.</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2016</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c604t-e1ebf8c19638ef79fb02133f04717ee3ffbdef4d803eba3ed1ce4916de89f2723</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c604t-e1ebf8c19638ef79fb02133f04717ee3ffbdef4d803eba3ed1ce4916de89f2723</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4722664/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4722664/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26807144$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Wanklyn, Ceri</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Burton, Dan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Enston, Emma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bartlett, Carrie-Ann</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taylor, Sarah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Raniczkowska, Aleksandra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Black, Murdo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murphy, Lindy</creatorcontrib><title>Disposable screen printed sensor for the electrochemical detection of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in undiluted saliva</title><title>BMC chemistry</title><addtitle>Chemistry Central Journal</addtitle><addtitle>Chem Cent J</addtitle><description>Background
Cannabis has an adverse effect on the ability to drive safely, therefore a rapid disposable test for Δ
9
-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ
9
-THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis, is highly desirable for roadside testing.
Results
A screen printed carbon electrode is used for the N-(4-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-methanesulfonamide mediated detection of Δ
9
-THC in saliva. Mediator placed in an overlayer was galvanostatically oxidized and reacted with Δ
9
-THC to give an electrochemically active adduct which could be detected by chronoamperometric reduction. Detection of 25-50 ng/mL Δ
9
-THC spiked into undiluted saliva was achieved with a response time of 30 s. A trial of the sensors with four cannabis smokers showed sensitivity of 28 %, specificity of 99 % and accuracy of 52 %.
Conclusions
Rapid electrochemical detection of Δ
9
-THC in undiluted saliva has been demonstrated using a disposable sensor, however the sensitivity is lower than acceptable. Further optimization of the assay and sensor format is required to improve the sensitivity of response to Δ
9
-THC.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Analytical Chemistry</subject><subject>Body fluids</subject><subject>Cannabinoids</subject><subject>Cannabis</subject><subject>Carbon</subject><subject>Chemicals</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>Chemistry and Materials Science</subject><subject>Chemistry/Food Science</subject><subject>Electrochemical analysis</subject><subject>Electrodes</subject><subject>Marijuana</subject><subject>Research Article</subject><subject>Roadsides</subject><subject>Saliva</subject><subject>Screens</subject><subject>Sensors</subject><subject>Tetrahydrocannabinol</subject><issn>1752-153X</issn><issn>1752-153X</issn><issn>2661-801X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqFUk1rFTEUHUSxtfoD3MiAGzdT8zX52AiltSoU3Ci4C5nMzXspeckzmXnQf2-mU8tTEAmXJDfnnNzcnKZ5jdE5xpK_L5gi3ncI8xpMdvhJc4pFTzrc0x9Pj9YnzYtSbhHqJebieXNCuEQCM3baHK582adihgBtsRkgtvvs4wRjWyCWlFtXY9pCCwHslJPdws5bE9oRpprwKbbJ1U2YTKe6CaZstndjxZkYzeBjCq2P7RxHH-Z7VRP8wbxsnjkTCrx6mM-a79cfv11-7m6-fvpyeXHTWY7Y1AGGwUmLFacSnFBuQART6hATWABQ54YRHBslojAYCiO2wBTmI0jliCD0rPmw6u7nYQejhVjrC7o-cWfynU7G6z9Pot_qTTpoJgjhnFWBdw8COf2coUx654uFEEyENBeNJeuFVPWq_0MFR4pQSZay3v4FvU1zjrUTVZD0SnJBF8HzFbUxAbSPLtUSbR3j8gUpgvM1f8GY6JXqBa8EvBJsTqVkcI8PxUgvjtGrY3R1jF4co3HlvDnu0CPjt0UqgKyAshhjA_mo1n-q_gLGls75</recordid><startdate>20160121</startdate><enddate>20160121</enddate><creator>Wanklyn, Ceri</creator><creator>Burton, Dan</creator><creator>Enston, Emma</creator><creator>Bartlett, Carrie-Ann</creator><creator>Taylor, Sarah</creator><creator>Raniczkowska, Aleksandra</creator><creator>Black, Murdo</creator><creator>Murphy, Lindy</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>BioMed Central Ltd</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IAO</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20160121</creationdate><title>Disposable screen printed sensor for the electrochemical detection of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in undiluted saliva</title><author>Wanklyn, Ceri ; Burton, Dan ; Enston, Emma ; Bartlett, Carrie-Ann ; Taylor, Sarah ; Raniczkowska, Aleksandra ; Black, Murdo ; Murphy, Lindy</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c604t-e1ebf8c19638ef79fb02133f04717ee3ffbdef4d803eba3ed1ce4916de89f2723</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Analytical Chemistry</topic><topic>Body fluids</topic><topic>Cannabinoids</topic><topic>Cannabis</topic><topic>Carbon</topic><topic>Chemicals</topic><topic>Chemistry</topic><topic>Chemistry and Materials Science</topic><topic>Chemistry/Food Science</topic><topic>Electrochemical analysis</topic><topic>Electrodes</topic><topic>Marijuana</topic><topic>Research Article</topic><topic>Roadsides</topic><topic>Saliva</topic><topic>Screens</topic><topic>Sensors</topic><topic>Tetrahydrocannabinol</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Wanklyn, Ceri</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Burton, Dan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Enston, Emma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bartlett, Carrie-Ann</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taylor, Sarah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Raniczkowska, Aleksandra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Black, Murdo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murphy, Lindy</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA/Free Journals</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale Academic OneFile</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>BMC chemistry</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Wanklyn, Ceri</au><au>Burton, Dan</au><au>Enston, Emma</au><au>Bartlett, Carrie-Ann</au><au>Taylor, Sarah</au><au>Raniczkowska, Aleksandra</au><au>Black, Murdo</au><au>Murphy, Lindy</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Disposable screen printed sensor for the electrochemical detection of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in undiluted saliva</atitle><jtitle>BMC chemistry</jtitle><stitle>Chemistry Central Journal</stitle><addtitle>Chem Cent J</addtitle><date>2016-01-21</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>1</spage><epage>1</epage><pages>1-1</pages><artnum>1</artnum><issn>1752-153X</issn><eissn>1752-153X</eissn><eissn>2661-801X</eissn><abstract>Background
Cannabis has an adverse effect on the ability to drive safely, therefore a rapid disposable test for Δ
9
-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ
9
-THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis, is highly desirable for roadside testing.
Results
A screen printed carbon electrode is used for the N-(4-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-methanesulfonamide mediated detection of Δ
9
-THC in saliva. Mediator placed in an overlayer was galvanostatically oxidized and reacted with Δ
9
-THC to give an electrochemically active adduct which could be detected by chronoamperometric reduction. Detection of 25-50 ng/mL Δ
9
-THC spiked into undiluted saliva was achieved with a response time of 30 s. A trial of the sensors with four cannabis smokers showed sensitivity of 28 %, specificity of 99 % and accuracy of 52 %.
Conclusions
Rapid electrochemical detection of Δ
9
-THC in undiluted saliva has been demonstrated using a disposable sensor, however the sensitivity is lower than acceptable. Further optimization of the assay and sensor format is required to improve the sensitivity of response to Δ
9
-THC.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>26807144</pmid><doi>10.1186/s13065-016-0148-1</doi><tpages>1</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | BioMedCentral; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; SpringerLink Journals; PubMed Central; Springer Nature OA/Free Journals; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; PubMed Central Open Access |
| subjects | Analysis Analytical Chemistry Body fluids Cannabinoids Cannabis Carbon Chemicals Chemistry Chemistry and Materials Science Chemistry/Food Science Electrochemical analysis Electrodes Marijuana Research Article Roadsides Saliva Screens Sensors Tetrahydrocannabinol |
| title | Disposable screen printed sensor for the electrochemical detection of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in undiluted saliva |
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