Nail polish as a source of exposure to triphenyl phosphate
Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is primarily used as either a flame retardant or plasticizer, and is listed as an ingredient in nail polishes. However, the concentration of TPHP in nail polish and the extent of human exposure following applications have not been previously studied. We measured TPHP in te...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environment international 2016-01, Vol.86, p.45-51 |
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| creator | Mendelsohn, Emma Hagopian, Audrey Hoffman, Kate Butt, Craig M. Lorenzo, Amelia Congleton, Johanna Webster, Thomas F. Stapleton, Heather M. |
| description | Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is primarily used as either a flame retardant or plasticizer, and is listed as an ingredient in nail polishes. However, the concentration of TPHP in nail polish and the extent of human exposure following applications have not been previously studied. We measured TPHP in ten different nail polish samples purchased from department stores and pharmacies in 2013–2014. Concentrations up to 1.68% TPHP by weight were detected in eight samples, including two that did not list TPHP as an ingredient. Two cohorts (n=26 participants) were recruited to assess fingernail painting as a pathway of TPHP exposure. Participants provided urine samples before and after applying one brand of polish containing 0.97% TPHP by weight. Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), a TPHP metabolite, was then measured in urine samples (n=411) and found to increase nearly seven-fold 10–14h after fingernail painting (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.envint.2015.10.005 |
| format | Article |
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•Some nail polishes contain the plasticizer triphenyl phosphate (TPHP).•Urinary metabolites of TPHP increased 7-fold following nail polish application.•TPHP exposure from nail polish appears to occur via dermal exposure.•TPHP may be a replacement for phthalates in nail polish.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0160-4120</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-6750</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.10.005</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26485058</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Adult ; Cosmetics - chemistry ; Diphenyl phosphate ; Environmental Exposure - analysis ; Exposure ; Female ; Humans ; Inhalation Exposure - analysis ; Nail polish ; Nails - metabolism ; Occupational Exposure - analysis ; Organophosphates - analysis ; Organophosphates - urine ; Plasticizer ; Triphenyl phosphate ; Urine</subject><ispartof>Environment international, 2016-01, Vol.86, p.45-51</ispartof><rights>2015 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c595t-8dc7db172929737aac771efc1ea8be851d87d8bbaa05a59d902c481090dfb05b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c595t-8dc7db172929737aac771efc1ea8be851d87d8bbaa05a59d902c481090dfb05b3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.10.005$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26485058$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Mendelsohn, Emma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hagopian, Audrey</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hoffman, Kate</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Butt, Craig M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lorenzo, Amelia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Congleton, Johanna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Webster, Thomas F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stapleton, Heather M.</creatorcontrib><title>Nail polish as a source of exposure to triphenyl phosphate</title><title>Environment international</title><addtitle>Environ Int</addtitle><description>Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is primarily used as either a flame retardant or plasticizer, and is listed as an ingredient in nail polishes. However, the concentration of TPHP in nail polish and the extent of human exposure following applications have not been previously studied. We measured TPHP in ten different nail polish samples purchased from department stores and pharmacies in 2013–2014. Concentrations up to 1.68% TPHP by weight were detected in eight samples, including two that did not list TPHP as an ingredient. Two cohorts (n=26 participants) were recruited to assess fingernail painting as a pathway of TPHP exposure. Participants provided urine samples before and after applying one brand of polish containing 0.97% TPHP by weight. Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), a TPHP metabolite, was then measured in urine samples (n=411) and found to increase nearly seven-fold 10–14h after fingernail painting (p<0.001). To determine relative contributions of inhalation and dermal exposure, ten participants also painted their nails and painted synthetic nails adhered to gloves on two separate occasions, and collected urine for 24h following applications. Urinary DPHP was significantly diminished when wearing gloves, suggesting that the primary exposure route is dermal. Our results indicate that nail polish may be a significant source of short-term TPHP exposure and a source of chronic exposure for frequent users or those occupationally exposed.
•Some nail polishes contain the plasticizer triphenyl phosphate (TPHP).•Urinary metabolites of TPHP increased 7-fold following nail polish application.•TPHP exposure from nail polish appears to occur via dermal exposure.•TPHP may be a replacement for phthalates in nail polish.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Cosmetics - chemistry</subject><subject>Diphenyl phosphate</subject><subject>Environmental Exposure - analysis</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Inhalation Exposure - analysis</subject><subject>Nail polish</subject><subject>Nails - metabolism</subject><subject>Occupational Exposure - analysis</subject><subject>Organophosphates - analysis</subject><subject>Organophosphates - urine</subject><subject>Plasticizer</subject><subject>Triphenyl phosphate</subject><subject>Urine</subject><issn>0160-4120</issn><issn>1873-6750</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkU1v1DAQhi0EokvhHyCUI5csM04cOxyQUMWXVJVLe7Yce0K8ysbBTlb03-PVlgKXqqeRxs-8tudh7DXCFgGbd7stTQc_LVsOKHJrCyCesA0qWZWNFPCUbTIGZY0cztiLlHYAwGslnrMz3uQKQm3Y-yvjx2IOo09DYVJhihTWaKkIfUG_5pDWSMUSiiX6eaDpNrNDSPNgFnrJnvVmTPTqrp6zm8-fri--lpffv3y7-HhZWtGKpVTOSteh5C1vZSWNsVIi9RbJqI6UQKekU11nDAgjWtcCt7VCaMH1HYiuOmcfTrnz2u3JWZqWaEY9R7838VYH4_X_J5Mf9I9w0HXT8BYwB7y9C4jh50pp0XufLI2jmSisSaOUCrBuQD0CFciRCykegVaylrKp6ozWJ9TGkFKk_v7xCPooU-_0SaY-yjx2s8w89ubfj98P_bH3dzOU13_wFHWyniZLzkeyi3bBP3zDb6u0soE</recordid><startdate>20160101</startdate><enddate>20160101</enddate><creator>Mendelsohn, Emma</creator><creator>Hagopian, Audrey</creator><creator>Hoffman, Kate</creator><creator>Butt, Craig M.</creator><creator>Lorenzo, Amelia</creator><creator>Congleton, Johanna</creator><creator>Webster, Thomas F.</creator><creator>Stapleton, Heather M.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7SU</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20160101</creationdate><title>Nail polish as a source of exposure to triphenyl phosphate</title><author>Mendelsohn, Emma ; Hagopian, Audrey ; Hoffman, Kate ; Butt, Craig M. ; Lorenzo, Amelia ; Congleton, Johanna ; Webster, Thomas F. ; Stapleton, Heather M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c595t-8dc7db172929737aac771efc1ea8be851d87d8bbaa05a59d902c481090dfb05b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Cosmetics - chemistry</topic><topic>Diphenyl phosphate</topic><topic>Environmental Exposure - analysis</topic><topic>Exposure</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Inhalation Exposure - analysis</topic><topic>Nail polish</topic><topic>Nails - metabolism</topic><topic>Occupational Exposure - analysis</topic><topic>Organophosphates - analysis</topic><topic>Organophosphates - urine</topic><topic>Plasticizer</topic><topic>Triphenyl phosphate</topic><topic>Urine</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mendelsohn, Emma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hagopian, Audrey</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hoffman, Kate</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Butt, Craig M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lorenzo, Amelia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Congleton, Johanna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Webster, Thomas F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stapleton, Heather M.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Environment international</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mendelsohn, Emma</au><au>Hagopian, Audrey</au><au>Hoffman, Kate</au><au>Butt, Craig M.</au><au>Lorenzo, Amelia</au><au>Congleton, Johanna</au><au>Webster, Thomas F.</au><au>Stapleton, Heather M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Nail polish as a source of exposure to triphenyl phosphate</atitle><jtitle>Environment international</jtitle><addtitle>Environ Int</addtitle><date>2016-01-01</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>86</volume><spage>45</spage><epage>51</epage><pages>45-51</pages><issn>0160-4120</issn><eissn>1873-6750</eissn><abstract>Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is primarily used as either a flame retardant or plasticizer, and is listed as an ingredient in nail polishes. However, the concentration of TPHP in nail polish and the extent of human exposure following applications have not been previously studied. We measured TPHP in ten different nail polish samples purchased from department stores and pharmacies in 2013–2014. Concentrations up to 1.68% TPHP by weight were detected in eight samples, including two that did not list TPHP as an ingredient. Two cohorts (n=26 participants) were recruited to assess fingernail painting as a pathway of TPHP exposure. Participants provided urine samples before and after applying one brand of polish containing 0.97% TPHP by weight. Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), a TPHP metabolite, was then measured in urine samples (n=411) and found to increase nearly seven-fold 10–14h after fingernail painting (p<0.001). To determine relative contributions of inhalation and dermal exposure, ten participants also painted their nails and painted synthetic nails adhered to gloves on two separate occasions, and collected urine for 24h following applications. Urinary DPHP was significantly diminished when wearing gloves, suggesting that the primary exposure route is dermal. Our results indicate that nail polish may be a significant source of short-term TPHP exposure and a source of chronic exposure for frequent users or those occupationally exposed.
•Some nail polishes contain the plasticizer triphenyl phosphate (TPHP).•Urinary metabolites of TPHP increased 7-fold following nail polish application.•TPHP exposure from nail polish appears to occur via dermal exposure.•TPHP may be a replacement for phthalates in nail polish.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>26485058</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.envint.2015.10.005</doi><tpages>7</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adult Cosmetics - chemistry Diphenyl phosphate Environmental Exposure - analysis Exposure Female Humans Inhalation Exposure - analysis Nail polish Nails - metabolism Occupational Exposure - analysis Organophosphates - analysis Organophosphates - urine Plasticizer Triphenyl phosphate Urine |
| title | Nail polish as a source of exposure to triphenyl phosphate |
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