Dual mode of action of Bt proteins: protoxin efficacy against resistant insects
Transgenic crops that produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins for pest control are grown extensively, but insect adaptation can reduce their effectiveness. Established mode of action models assert that Bt proteins Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac are produced as inactive protoxins that require conversion to a...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Scientific reports 2015-10, Vol.5 (1), p.15107, Article 15107 |
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| creator | Tabashnik, Bruce E. Zhang, Min Fabrick, Jeffrey A. Wu, Yidong Gao, Meijing Huang, Fangneng Wei, Jizhen Zhang, Jie Yelich, Alexander Unnithan, Gopalan C. Bravo, Alejandra Soberón, Mario Carrière, Yves Li, Xianchun |
| description | Transgenic crops that produce
Bacillus thuringiensis
(Bt) proteins for pest control are grown extensively, but insect adaptation can reduce their effectiveness. Established mode of action models assert that Bt proteins Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac are produced as inactive protoxins that require conversion to a smaller activated form to exert toxicity. However, contrary to this widely accepted paradigm, we report evidence from seven resistant strains of three major crop pests showing that Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac protoxins were generally more potent than the corresponding activated toxins. Moreover, resistance was higher to activated toxins than protoxins in eight of nine cases evaluated in this study. These data and previously reported results support a new model in which protoxins and activated toxins kill insects via different pathways. Recognizing that protoxins can be more potent than activated toxins against resistant insects may help to enhance and sustain the efficacy of transgenic Bt crops. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/srep15107 |
| format | Article |
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Bacillus thuringiensis
(Bt) proteins for pest control are grown extensively, but insect adaptation can reduce their effectiveness. Established mode of action models assert that Bt proteins Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac are produced as inactive protoxins that require conversion to a smaller activated form to exert toxicity. However, contrary to this widely accepted paradigm, we report evidence from seven resistant strains of three major crop pests showing that Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac protoxins were generally more potent than the corresponding activated toxins. Moreover, resistance was higher to activated toxins than protoxins in eight of nine cases evaluated in this study. These data and previously reported results support a new model in which protoxins and activated toxins kill insects via different pathways. Recognizing that protoxins can be more potent than activated toxins against resistant insects may help to enhance and sustain the efficacy of transgenic Bt crops.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2045-2322</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2045-2322</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/srep15107</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26455902</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher><subject>631/326 ; 631/326/2522 ; 64 ; Animals ; Bacillus thuringiensis - chemistry ; Bacillus thuringiensis - pathogenicity ; Bacillus thuringiensis - physiology ; Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins ; Bacterial Proteins - chemistry ; Bacterial Proteins - genetics ; Bacterial Proteins - toxicity ; Crops ; Crops, Agricultural - genetics ; Crops, Agricultural - parasitology ; Cry1Ac toxin ; Endotoxins - chemistry ; Endotoxins - genetics ; Endotoxins - toxicity ; Gene Expression ; Hemolysin Proteins - chemistry ; Hemolysin Proteins - genetics ; Hemolysin Proteins - toxicity ; Humanities and Social Sciences ; Insect Proteins - antagonists & inhibitors ; Insect Proteins - chemistry ; Insect Proteins - metabolism ; Insects ; Intestinal Mucosa - metabolism ; Intestines - drug effects ; Intestines - physiology ; Larva - drug effects ; Larva - metabolism ; Larva - physiology ; Lepidoptera - drug effects ; Lepidoptera - metabolism ; Lepidoptera - physiology ; Mode of action ; Models, Molecular ; multidisciplinary ; Pest control ; Pests ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Protein Binding ; Protein Precursors - chemistry ; Protein Precursors - genetics ; Protein Precursors - toxicity ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins ; Protoxins ; Science ; Toxicity ; Toxins ; Transgenes ; Transgenic plants</subject><ispartof>Scientific reports, 2015-10, Vol.5 (1), p.15107, Article 15107</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2015</rights><rights>Copyright Nature Publishing Group Oct 2015</rights><rights>Copyright © 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c438t-ebc584f970ffbd08991af94a63786cd9f3282bcd1b011b460bdd9c8e7a170f693</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c438t-ebc584f970ffbd08991af94a63786cd9f3282bcd1b011b460bdd9c8e7a170f693</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4601037/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4601037/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,27924,27925,41120,42189,51576,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26455902$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Tabashnik, Bruce E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Min</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fabrick, Jeffrey A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Yidong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gao, Meijing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Fangneng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wei, Jizhen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Jie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yelich, Alexander</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Unnithan, Gopalan C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bravo, Alejandra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soberón, Mario</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carrière, Yves</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Xianchun</creatorcontrib><title>Dual mode of action of Bt proteins: protoxin efficacy against resistant insects</title><title>Scientific reports</title><addtitle>Sci Rep</addtitle><addtitle>Sci Rep</addtitle><description>Transgenic crops that produce
Bacillus thuringiensis
(Bt) proteins for pest control are grown extensively, but insect adaptation can reduce their effectiveness. Established mode of action models assert that Bt proteins Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac are produced as inactive protoxins that require conversion to a smaller activated form to exert toxicity. However, contrary to this widely accepted paradigm, we report evidence from seven resistant strains of three major crop pests showing that Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac protoxins were generally more potent than the corresponding activated toxins. Moreover, resistance was higher to activated toxins than protoxins in eight of nine cases evaluated in this study. These data and previously reported results support a new model in which protoxins and activated toxins kill insects via different pathways. Recognizing that protoxins can be more potent than activated toxins against resistant insects may help to enhance and sustain the efficacy of transgenic Bt crops.</description><subject>631/326</subject><subject>631/326/2522</subject><subject>64</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Bacillus thuringiensis - chemistry</subject><subject>Bacillus thuringiensis - pathogenicity</subject><subject>Bacillus thuringiensis - physiology</subject><subject>Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins</subject><subject>Bacterial Proteins - chemistry</subject><subject>Bacterial Proteins - genetics</subject><subject>Bacterial Proteins - toxicity</subject><subject>Crops</subject><subject>Crops, Agricultural - genetics</subject><subject>Crops, Agricultural - parasitology</subject><subject>Cry1Ac toxin</subject><subject>Endotoxins - chemistry</subject><subject>Endotoxins - genetics</subject><subject>Endotoxins - toxicity</subject><subject>Gene Expression</subject><subject>Hemolysin Proteins - chemistry</subject><subject>Hemolysin Proteins - genetics</subject><subject>Hemolysin Proteins - toxicity</subject><subject>Humanities and Social Sciences</subject><subject>Insect Proteins - antagonists & inhibitors</subject><subject>Insect Proteins - chemistry</subject><subject>Insect Proteins - metabolism</subject><subject>Insects</subject><subject>Intestinal Mucosa - metabolism</subject><subject>Intestines - drug effects</subject><subject>Intestines - physiology</subject><subject>Larva - drug effects</subject><subject>Larva - metabolism</subject><subject>Larva - physiology</subject><subject>Lepidoptera - drug effects</subject><subject>Lepidoptera - metabolism</subject><subject>Lepidoptera - physiology</subject><subject>Mode of action</subject><subject>Models, Molecular</subject><subject>multidisciplinary</subject><subject>Pest control</subject><subject>Pests</subject><subject>Plants, Genetically Modified</subject><subject>Protein Binding</subject><subject>Protein Precursors - chemistry</subject><subject>Protein Precursors - genetics</subject><subject>Protein Precursors - toxicity</subject><subject>Protein Structure, Secondary</subject><subject>Protein Structure, Tertiary</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Protoxins</subject><subject>Science</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><subject>Toxins</subject><subject>Transgenes</subject><subject>Transgenic plants</subject><issn>2045-2322</issn><issn>2045-2322</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNplkEtLAzEUhYMottQu_AMScKUwmmSecSHU-oRCN7oOmUxSU9pkTDJi_72praViNrnhfDn3cAA4xegKo7S69k62OMeoPAB9grI8ISkhh3tzDwy9n6N4ckIzTI9BjxRZnlNE-mB63_EFXNpGQqsgF0Fbs57uAmydDVIbf_Mz2S9toFRKCy5WkM94VAJ00msfuAkwPqUI_gQcKb7wcri9B-Dt8eF1_JxMpk8v49EkEVlahUTWIq8yRUukVN2gilLMFc14kZZVIRqqUlKRWjS4RhjXWYHqpqGikiXH8UtB0wG43fi2Xb2UjZAmOL5grdNL7lbMcs3-Kka_s5n9ZNEr1lZGg_OtgbMfnfSBzW3nTMzMcIwTY5SRG4CLDSWc9bFptduAEVvXz3b1R_ZsP9KO_C07ApcbwEfJzKTbW_nP7RtGOI_q</recordid><startdate>20151012</startdate><enddate>20151012</enddate><creator>Tabashnik, Bruce E.</creator><creator>Zhang, Min</creator><creator>Fabrick, Jeffrey A.</creator><creator>Wu, Yidong</creator><creator>Gao, Meijing</creator><creator>Huang, Fangneng</creator><creator>Wei, Jizhen</creator><creator>Zhang, Jie</creator><creator>Yelich, Alexander</creator><creator>Unnithan, Gopalan C.</creator><creator>Bravo, Alejandra</creator><creator>Soberón, Mario</creator><creator>Carrière, Yves</creator><creator>Li, Xianchun</creator><general>Nature Publishing Group UK</general><general>Nature Publishing Group</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20151012</creationdate><title>Dual mode of action of Bt proteins: protoxin efficacy against resistant insects</title><author>Tabashnik, Bruce E. ; Zhang, Min ; Fabrick, Jeffrey A. ; Wu, Yidong ; Gao, Meijing ; Huang, Fangneng ; Wei, Jizhen ; Zhang, Jie ; Yelich, Alexander ; Unnithan, Gopalan C. ; Bravo, Alejandra ; Soberón, Mario ; Carrière, Yves ; Li, Xianchun</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c438t-ebc584f970ffbd08991af94a63786cd9f3282bcd1b011b460bdd9c8e7a170f693</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>631/326</topic><topic>631/326/2522</topic><topic>64</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Bacillus thuringiensis - chemistry</topic><topic>Bacillus thuringiensis - pathogenicity</topic><topic>Bacillus thuringiensis - physiology</topic><topic>Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins</topic><topic>Bacterial Proteins - chemistry</topic><topic>Bacterial Proteins - genetics</topic><topic>Bacterial Proteins - toxicity</topic><topic>Crops</topic><topic>Crops, Agricultural - genetics</topic><topic>Crops, Agricultural - parasitology</topic><topic>Cry1Ac toxin</topic><topic>Endotoxins - chemistry</topic><topic>Endotoxins - genetics</topic><topic>Endotoxins - toxicity</topic><topic>Gene Expression</topic><topic>Hemolysin Proteins - chemistry</topic><topic>Hemolysin Proteins - genetics</topic><topic>Hemolysin Proteins - toxicity</topic><topic>Humanities and Social Sciences</topic><topic>Insect Proteins - antagonists & inhibitors</topic><topic>Insect Proteins - chemistry</topic><topic>Insect Proteins - metabolism</topic><topic>Insects</topic><topic>Intestinal Mucosa - metabolism</topic><topic>Intestines - drug effects</topic><topic>Intestines - physiology</topic><topic>Larva - drug effects</topic><topic>Larva - metabolism</topic><topic>Larva - physiology</topic><topic>Lepidoptera - drug effects</topic><topic>Lepidoptera - metabolism</topic><topic>Lepidoptera - physiology</topic><topic>Mode of action</topic><topic>Models, Molecular</topic><topic>multidisciplinary</topic><topic>Pest control</topic><topic>Pests</topic><topic>Plants, Genetically Modified</topic><topic>Protein Binding</topic><topic>Protein Precursors - chemistry</topic><topic>Protein Precursors - genetics</topic><topic>Protein Precursors - toxicity</topic><topic>Protein Structure, Secondary</topic><topic>Protein Structure, Tertiary</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Protoxins</topic><topic>Science</topic><topic>Toxicity</topic><topic>Toxins</topic><topic>Transgenes</topic><topic>Transgenic plants</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Tabashnik, Bruce E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Min</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fabrick, Jeffrey A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Yidong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gao, Meijing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Fangneng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wei, Jizhen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Jie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yelich, Alexander</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Unnithan, Gopalan C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bravo, Alejandra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soberón, Mario</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carrière, Yves</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Xianchun</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Access via ProQuest (Open Access)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Scientific reports</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Tabashnik, Bruce E.</au><au>Zhang, Min</au><au>Fabrick, Jeffrey A.</au><au>Wu, Yidong</au><au>Gao, Meijing</au><au>Huang, Fangneng</au><au>Wei, Jizhen</au><au>Zhang, Jie</au><au>Yelich, Alexander</au><au>Unnithan, Gopalan C.</au><au>Bravo, Alejandra</au><au>Soberón, Mario</au><au>Carrière, Yves</au><au>Li, Xianchun</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Dual mode of action of Bt proteins: protoxin efficacy against resistant insects</atitle><jtitle>Scientific reports</jtitle><stitle>Sci Rep</stitle><addtitle>Sci Rep</addtitle><date>2015-10-12</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>5</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>15107</spage><pages>15107-</pages><artnum>15107</artnum><issn>2045-2322</issn><eissn>2045-2322</eissn><abstract>Transgenic crops that produce
Bacillus thuringiensis
(Bt) proteins for pest control are grown extensively, but insect adaptation can reduce their effectiveness. Established mode of action models assert that Bt proteins Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac are produced as inactive protoxins that require conversion to a smaller activated form to exert toxicity. However, contrary to this widely accepted paradigm, we report evidence from seven resistant strains of three major crop pests showing that Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac protoxins were generally more potent than the corresponding activated toxins. Moreover, resistance was higher to activated toxins than protoxins in eight of nine cases evaluated in this study. These data and previously reported results support a new model in which protoxins and activated toxins kill insects via different pathways. Recognizing that protoxins can be more potent than activated toxins against resistant insects may help to enhance and sustain the efficacy of transgenic Bt crops.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group UK</pub><pmid>26455902</pmid><doi>10.1038/srep15107</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | 631/326 631/326/2522 64 Animals Bacillus thuringiensis - chemistry Bacillus thuringiensis - pathogenicity Bacillus thuringiensis - physiology Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins Bacterial Proteins - chemistry Bacterial Proteins - genetics Bacterial Proteins - toxicity Crops Crops, Agricultural - genetics Crops, Agricultural - parasitology Cry1Ac toxin Endotoxins - chemistry Endotoxins - genetics Endotoxins - toxicity Gene Expression Hemolysin Proteins - chemistry Hemolysin Proteins - genetics Hemolysin Proteins - toxicity Humanities and Social Sciences Insect Proteins - antagonists & inhibitors Insect Proteins - chemistry Insect Proteins - metabolism Insects Intestinal Mucosa - metabolism Intestines - drug effects Intestines - physiology Larva - drug effects Larva - metabolism Larva - physiology Lepidoptera - drug effects Lepidoptera - metabolism Lepidoptera - physiology Mode of action Models, Molecular multidisciplinary Pest control Pests Plants, Genetically Modified Protein Binding Protein Precursors - chemistry Protein Precursors - genetics Protein Precursors - toxicity Protein Structure, Secondary Protein Structure, Tertiary Proteins Protoxins Science Toxicity Toxins Transgenes Transgenic plants |
| title | Dual mode of action of Bt proteins: protoxin efficacy against resistant insects |
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