Very High Blood Lead Levels Among Adults — United States, 2002–2011
Over the past several decades there has been a remarkable reduction in environmental sources of lead, improved protection from occupational lead exposure, and an overall decreasing trend in the prevalence of elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) in U.S. adults. As a result, the U.S. national BLL geometr...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report 2013-11, Vol.62 (47), p.967-971 |
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| container_title | MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report |
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| creator | Kirschner, Kathryn Leinenkugel, Kathy Makowski, Mike Fletcher, Alicia M Braun, Carol R Alarcon, Walter A Sweeney, Marie H Calvert, Geoffrey M |
| description | Over the past several decades there has been a remarkable reduction in environmental sources of lead, improved protection from occupational lead exposure, and an overall decreasing trend in the prevalence of elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) in U.S. adults. As a result, the U.S. national BLL geometric mean among adults was 1.2 µg/dL during 2009-2010. Nonetheless, lead exposures continue to occur at unacceptable levels. Current research continues to find that BLLs previously considered harmless can have harmful effects in adults, such as decreased renal function and increased risk for hypertension and essential tremor at BLLs |
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As a result, the U.S. national BLL geometric mean among adults was 1.2 µg/dL during 2009-2010. Nonetheless, lead exposures continue to occur at unacceptable levels. Current research continues to find that BLLs previously considered harmless can have harmful effects in adults, such as decreased renal function and increased risk for hypertension and essential tremor at BLLs <10 µg/dL. CDC has designated 10 µg/dL as the reference BLL for adults; levels ≥10 µg/dL are considered elevated. CDC's Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance (ABLES) program tracks elevated BLLs among adults in the United States. In contrast to the CDC reference level, prevailing Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) lead standards allow workers removed from lead exposure to return to lead work when their BLL falls below 40 µg/dL. During 2002-2011, ABLES identified 11,536 adults with very high BLLs (≥40 µg/dL). Persistent very high BLLs (≥40 µg/dL in ≥2 years) were found among 2,210 (19%) of these adults. Occupational exposures accounted for 7,076 adults with very high BLLs (91% of adults with known exposure source) and 1,496 adults with persistent very high BLLs. Adverse health effects associated with very high BLLs underscore the need for increased efforts to prevent lead exposure at workplaces and in communities.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0149-2195</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1545-861X</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24280917</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</publisher><subject>Adult ; Adults ; Blood ; Construction industries ; Environmental Exposure - adverse effects ; Epidemiology ; Health care administration ; Humans ; Lead ; Lead - blood ; Lead industry ; Lead mining ; Lead Poisoning - diagnosis ; Lead Poisoning - epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Diseases - epidemiology ; Occupational Exposure - adverse effects ; Occupational health and safety ; Population Surveillance ; Surveillance ; United States - epidemiology</subject><ispartof>MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 2013-11, Vol.62 (47), p.967-971</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2013 U.S. Government Printing Office</rights><rights>2013</rights><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24854792$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/24854792$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,803,885,53791,53793,58017,58250</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24280917$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kirschner, Kathryn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leinenkugel, Kathy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Makowski, Mike</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fletcher, Alicia M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Braun, Carol R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alarcon, Walter A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sweeney, Marie H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Calvert, Geoffrey M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</creatorcontrib><title>Very High Blood Lead Levels Among Adults — United States, 2002–2011</title><title>MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report</title><addtitle>MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep</addtitle><description>Over the past several decades there has been a remarkable reduction in environmental sources of lead, improved protection from occupational lead exposure, and an overall decreasing trend in the prevalence of elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) in U.S. adults. As a result, the U.S. national BLL geometric mean among adults was 1.2 µg/dL during 2009-2010. Nonetheless, lead exposures continue to occur at unacceptable levels. Current research continues to find that BLLs previously considered harmless can have harmful effects in adults, such as decreased renal function and increased risk for hypertension and essential tremor at BLLs <10 µg/dL. CDC has designated 10 µg/dL as the reference BLL for adults; levels ≥10 µg/dL are considered elevated. CDC's Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance (ABLES) program tracks elevated BLLs among adults in the United States. In contrast to the CDC reference level, prevailing Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) lead standards allow workers removed from lead exposure to return to lead work when their BLL falls below 40 µg/dL. During 2002-2011, ABLES identified 11,536 adults with very high BLLs (≥40 µg/dL). Persistent very high BLLs (≥40 µg/dL in ≥2 years) were found among 2,210 (19%) of these adults. Occupational exposures accounted for 7,076 adults with very high BLLs (91% of adults with known exposure source) and 1,496 adults with persistent very high BLLs. Adverse health effects associated with very high BLLs underscore the need for increased efforts to prevent lead exposure at workplaces and in communities.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Adults</subject><subject>Blood</subject><subject>Construction industries</subject><subject>Environmental Exposure - adverse effects</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Health care administration</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Lead</subject><subject>Lead - blood</subject><subject>Lead industry</subject><subject>Lead mining</subject><subject>Lead Poisoning - diagnosis</subject><subject>Lead Poisoning - epidemiology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Occupational Diseases - epidemiology</subject><subject>Occupational Exposure - adverse effects</subject><subject>Occupational health and safety</subject><subject>Population Surveillance</subject><subject>Surveillance</subject><subject>United States - epidemiology</subject><issn>0149-2195</issn><issn>1545-861X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNptkc9Kw0AQxoMotlYfQVkQPBnZf8lmL0It2goFD1rxFra7m2RLkpXsttBb30GfsE9iSlVa6AzMwMxvPviYo6CLIhqFSYw-joMuRJSHGPGoE5w5N4ObIPA06GCKE8gR6wbDd90swcjkBXgorVVgrMWmLHTpQL-ydQ76al56B9arbzCpjdcKvHrhtbsFGEK8Xn1hiNB5cJKJ0umL394LJk-Pb4NROH4ZPg_64zCnmPpwiiCHMo6QVhmXRCHJtGAEUqaokAwpoqRgiDBOMihlzDEUmYr5NGawNZKQXnC_1f2cTyutpK59I8r0szGVaJapFSbd39SmSHO7SGmURDFhrcD1ViAXpU5NndkWk5VxMu2TiMYxxgi1VHiAynWtW01b68y04z3-7gDfptKVkQcPbnYOCi1KXzhbzr2xtdsHr3YN_zv9e2ELXG6BmfO22dknEWUckx_uOZ9w</recordid><startdate>20131129</startdate><enddate>20131129</enddate><creator>Kirschner, Kathryn</creator><creator>Leinenkugel, Kathy</creator><creator>Makowski, Mike</creator><creator>Fletcher, Alicia M</creator><creator>Braun, Carol R</creator><creator>Alarcon, Walter A</creator><creator>Sweeney, Marie H</creator><creator>Calvert, Geoffrey M</creator><general>Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</general><general>U.S. Government Printing Office</general><general>U.S. Centers for Disease Control</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20131129</creationdate><title>Very High Blood Lead Levels Among Adults — United States, 2002–2011</title><author>Kirschner, Kathryn ; Leinenkugel, Kathy ; Makowski, Mike ; Fletcher, Alicia M ; Braun, Carol R ; Alarcon, Walter A ; Sweeney, Marie H ; Calvert, Geoffrey M</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-g424t-b1090c651edf9c3d1c7ea73047d4ac71d3dca713793f0cc6920afd69b67021983</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Adults</topic><topic>Blood</topic><topic>Construction industries</topic><topic>Environmental Exposure - adverse effects</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Health care administration</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Lead</topic><topic>Lead - blood</topic><topic>Lead industry</topic><topic>Lead mining</topic><topic>Lead Poisoning - diagnosis</topic><topic>Lead Poisoning - epidemiology</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Occupational Diseases - epidemiology</topic><topic>Occupational Exposure - adverse effects</topic><topic>Occupational health and safety</topic><topic>Population Surveillance</topic><topic>Surveillance</topic><topic>United States - epidemiology</topic><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kirschner, Kathryn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leinenkugel, Kathy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Makowski, Mike</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fletcher, Alicia M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Braun, Carol R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alarcon, Walter A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sweeney, Marie H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Calvert, Geoffrey M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kirschner, Kathryn</au><au>Leinenkugel, Kathy</au><au>Makowski, Mike</au><au>Fletcher, Alicia M</au><au>Braun, Carol R</au><au>Alarcon, Walter A</au><au>Sweeney, Marie H</au><au>Calvert, Geoffrey M</au><aucorp>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Very High Blood Lead Levels Among Adults — United States, 2002–2011</atitle><jtitle>MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report</jtitle><addtitle>MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep</addtitle><date>2013-11-29</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>62</volume><issue>47</issue><spage>967</spage><epage>971</epage><pages>967-971</pages><issn>0149-2195</issn><eissn>1545-861X</eissn><abstract>Over the past several decades there has been a remarkable reduction in environmental sources of lead, improved protection from occupational lead exposure, and an overall decreasing trend in the prevalence of elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) in U.S. adults. As a result, the U.S. national BLL geometric mean among adults was 1.2 µg/dL during 2009-2010. Nonetheless, lead exposures continue to occur at unacceptable levels. Current research continues to find that BLLs previously considered harmless can have harmful effects in adults, such as decreased renal function and increased risk for hypertension and essential tremor at BLLs <10 µg/dL. CDC has designated 10 µg/dL as the reference BLL for adults; levels ≥10 µg/dL are considered elevated. CDC's Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance (ABLES) program tracks elevated BLLs among adults in the United States. In contrast to the CDC reference level, prevailing Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) lead standards allow workers removed from lead exposure to return to lead work when their BLL falls below 40 µg/dL. During 2002-2011, ABLES identified 11,536 adults with very high BLLs (≥40 µg/dL). Persistent very high BLLs (≥40 µg/dL in ≥2 years) were found among 2,210 (19%) of these adults. Occupational exposures accounted for 7,076 adults with very high BLLs (91% of adults with known exposure source) and 1,496 adults with persistent very high BLLs. Adverse health effects associated with very high BLLs underscore the need for increased efforts to prevent lead exposure at workplaces and in communities.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</pub><pmid>24280917</pmid><tpages>5</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adult Adults Blood Construction industries Environmental Exposure - adverse effects Epidemiology Health care administration Humans Lead Lead - blood Lead industry Lead mining Lead Poisoning - diagnosis Lead Poisoning - epidemiology Male Middle Aged Occupational Diseases - epidemiology Occupational Exposure - adverse effects Occupational health and safety Population Surveillance Surveillance United States - epidemiology |
| title | Very High Blood Lead Levels Among Adults — United States, 2002–2011 |
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