Dietary intake and bio-activation of nitrite and nitrate in newborn infants
Nitrate and nitrite are commonly thought of as inert end products of nitric oxide (NO) oxidation, possibly carcinogenic food additives, or well-water contaminants. However, recent studies have shown that nitrate and nitrite play an important role in cardiovascular and gastrointestinal homeostasis th...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Pediatric research 2015-01, Vol.77 (1-2), p.173-181 |
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| creator | Jones, Jesica A. Hopper, Andrew O. Power, Gordon G. Blood, Arlin B. |
| description | Nitrate and nitrite are commonly thought of as inert end products of nitric oxide (NO) oxidation, possibly carcinogenic food additives, or well-water contaminants. However, recent studies have shown that nitrate and nitrite play an important role in cardiovascular and gastrointestinal homeostasis through conversion back into NO via a physiological system involving enterosalivary recirculation, bacterial nitrate reductases, and enzyme-catalyzed or acidic reduction of nitrite to NO. The diet is a key source of nitrate in adults; however, infants ingest significantly less nitrate due to low concentrations in breast milk. In the mouth, bacteria convert nitrate to nitrite, which has gastro-protective effects. However, these nitrate-reducing bacteria are relatively inactive in infants. Swallowed nitrite is reduced to NO by acid in the stomach, affecting gastric blood flow, mucus production, and the gastric microbiota. These effects are likely attenuated in the less acidic neonatal stomach. Systemically, nitrite acts as a reservoir of NO bioactivity that can protect against ischemic injury, yet plasma nitrite concentrations are markedly lower in infants than in adults. The physiological importance of the diminished nitrate→nitrite→NO axis in infants and its implications in the etiology and treatment of newborn diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis and hypoxic/ischemic injury are yet to be determined. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/pr.2014.168 |
| format | Article |
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However, recent studies have shown that nitrate and nitrite play an important role in cardiovascular and gastrointestinal homeostasis through conversion back into NO via a physiological system involving enterosalivary recirculation, bacterial nitrate reductases, and enzyme-catalyzed or acidic reduction of nitrite to NO. The diet is a key source of nitrate in adults; however, infants ingest significantly less nitrate due to low concentrations in breast milk. In the mouth, bacteria convert nitrate to nitrite, which has gastro-protective effects. However, these nitrate-reducing bacteria are relatively inactive in infants. Swallowed nitrite is reduced to NO by acid in the stomach, affecting gastric blood flow, mucus production, and the gastric microbiota. These effects are likely attenuated in the less acidic neonatal stomach. Systemically, nitrite acts as a reservoir of NO bioactivity that can protect against ischemic injury, yet plasma nitrite concentrations are markedly lower in infants than in adults. The physiological importance of the diminished nitrate→nitrite→NO axis in infants and its implications in the etiology and treatment of newborn diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis and hypoxic/ischemic injury are yet to be determined.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0031-3998</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1530-0447</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.168</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25314582</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Nature Publishing Group US</publisher><subject>692/308 ; 692/308/3187 ; Diet ; Gastrointestinal Tract - metabolism ; Gastrointestinal Tract - microbiology ; Homeostasis - physiology ; Humans ; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena - physiology ; Infant, Newborn ; Medicine & Public Health ; Nitrates - metabolism ; Nitrites - metabolism ; Pediatric Surgery ; Pediatrics ; review ; Saliva - metabolism ; Saliva - microbiology</subject><ispartof>Pediatric research, 2015-01, Vol.77 (1-2), p.173-181</ispartof><rights>International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc. 2015</rights><rights>Copyright © 2014 International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc. 2014</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-e053db9df8ba5abf8a142be3f00c1e463e27f019853f723378d7375a34a75b163</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-e053db9df8ba5abf8a142be3f00c1e463e27f019853f723378d7375a34a75b163</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25314582$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Jones, Jesica A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hopper, Andrew O.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Power, Gordon G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blood, Arlin B.</creatorcontrib><title>Dietary intake and bio-activation of nitrite and nitrate in newborn infants</title><title>Pediatric research</title><addtitle>Pediatr Res</addtitle><addtitle>Pediatr Res</addtitle><description>Nitrate and nitrite are commonly thought of as inert end products of nitric oxide (NO) oxidation, possibly carcinogenic food additives, or well-water contaminants. However, recent studies have shown that nitrate and nitrite play an important role in cardiovascular and gastrointestinal homeostasis through conversion back into NO via a physiological system involving enterosalivary recirculation, bacterial nitrate reductases, and enzyme-catalyzed or acidic reduction of nitrite to NO. The diet is a key source of nitrate in adults; however, infants ingest significantly less nitrate due to low concentrations in breast milk. In the mouth, bacteria convert nitrate to nitrite, which has gastro-protective effects. However, these nitrate-reducing bacteria are relatively inactive in infants. Swallowed nitrite is reduced to NO by acid in the stomach, affecting gastric blood flow, mucus production, and the gastric microbiota. These effects are likely attenuated in the less acidic neonatal stomach. Systemically, nitrite acts as a reservoir of NO bioactivity that can protect against ischemic injury, yet plasma nitrite concentrations are markedly lower in infants than in adults. The physiological importance of the diminished nitrate→nitrite→NO axis in infants and its implications in the etiology and treatment of newborn diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis and hypoxic/ischemic injury are yet to be determined.</description><subject>692/308</subject><subject>692/308/3187</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>Gastrointestinal Tract - metabolism</subject><subject>Gastrointestinal Tract - microbiology</subject><subject>Homeostasis - physiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena - physiology</subject><subject>Infant, Newborn</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Nitrates - metabolism</subject><subject>Nitrites - metabolism</subject><subject>Pediatric Surgery</subject><subject>Pediatrics</subject><subject>review</subject><subject>Saliva - metabolism</subject><subject>Saliva - microbiology</subject><issn>0031-3998</issn><issn>1530-0447</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNptkE1PAyEYhInR2Fo9eTd7162wQGEvJqZ-xiZe9ExgFyq1hQZojf9eNquNJp4YMs878A4ApwiOEcT8ch3GFURkjCZ8DwwRxbCEhLB9MIQQoxLXNR-AoxgXMFOUk0MwqCjuZDUETzdWJxk-C-uSfNeFdG2hrC9lk-xWJutd4U3hbAo29W6nZdbWFU5_KB9clka6FI_BgZHLqE--zxF4vbt9mT6Us-f7x-n1rGwI4qnUkOJW1a3hSlKpDJeIVEpjA2GDNJlgXTEDUc0pNqzCmPGWYUYlJpJRhSZ4BK763PVGrXTbaJd_tBTrYFd5E-GlFX8dZ9_E3G8FITWjiOSA8z6gCT7GoM1uFkHRdZrvoutU5E4zffb7uR37U2IGLnogZsvNdRALvwkuV_Bv3hfz74IT</recordid><startdate>20150101</startdate><enddate>20150101</enddate><creator>Jones, Jesica A.</creator><creator>Hopper, Andrew O.</creator><creator>Power, Gordon G.</creator><creator>Blood, Arlin B.</creator><general>Nature Publishing Group US</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20150101</creationdate><title>Dietary intake and bio-activation of nitrite and nitrate in newborn infants</title><author>Jones, Jesica A. ; Hopper, Andrew O. ; Power, Gordon G. ; Blood, Arlin B.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-e053db9df8ba5abf8a142be3f00c1e463e27f019853f723378d7375a34a75b163</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>692/308</topic><topic>692/308/3187</topic><topic>Diet</topic><topic>Gastrointestinal Tract - metabolism</topic><topic>Gastrointestinal Tract - microbiology</topic><topic>Homeostasis - physiology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena - physiology</topic><topic>Infant, Newborn</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Nitrates - metabolism</topic><topic>Nitrites - metabolism</topic><topic>Pediatric Surgery</topic><topic>Pediatrics</topic><topic>review</topic><topic>Saliva - metabolism</topic><topic>Saliva - microbiology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Jones, Jesica A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hopper, Andrew O.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Power, Gordon G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blood, Arlin B.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Pediatric research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Jones, Jesica A.</au><au>Hopper, Andrew O.</au><au>Power, Gordon G.</au><au>Blood, Arlin B.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Dietary intake and bio-activation of nitrite and nitrate in newborn infants</atitle><jtitle>Pediatric research</jtitle><stitle>Pediatr Res</stitle><addtitle>Pediatr Res</addtitle><date>2015-01-01</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>77</volume><issue>1-2</issue><spage>173</spage><epage>181</epage><pages>173-181</pages><issn>0031-3998</issn><eissn>1530-0447</eissn><abstract>Nitrate and nitrite are commonly thought of as inert end products of nitric oxide (NO) oxidation, possibly carcinogenic food additives, or well-water contaminants. 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Systemically, nitrite acts as a reservoir of NO bioactivity that can protect against ischemic injury, yet plasma nitrite concentrations are markedly lower in infants than in adults. The physiological importance of the diminished nitrate→nitrite→NO axis in infants and its implications in the etiology and treatment of newborn diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis and hypoxic/ischemic injury are yet to be determined.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group US</pub><pmid>25314582</pmid><doi>10.1038/pr.2014.168</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; Alma/SFX Local Collection; EZB Electronic Journals Library |
| subjects | 692/308 692/308/3187 Diet Gastrointestinal Tract - metabolism Gastrointestinal Tract - microbiology Homeostasis - physiology Humans Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena - physiology Infant, Newborn Medicine & Public Health Nitrates - metabolism Nitrites - metabolism Pediatric Surgery Pediatrics review Saliva - metabolism Saliva - microbiology |
| title | Dietary intake and bio-activation of nitrite and nitrate in newborn infants |
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