Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) contamination in bedside surfaces of a hospital ward and the potential effectiveness of enhanced disinfection with an antimicrobial polymer surfactant
The aim in this study was to assess the effectiveness of a quaternary ammonium chloride (QAC) surfactant in reducing surface staphylococcal contamination in a routinely operating medical ward occupied by patients who had tested positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The QAC...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of environmental research and public health 2015-03, Vol.12 (3), p.3026-3041 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | 3041 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 3 |
| container_start_page | 3026 |
| container_title | International journal of environmental research and public health |
| container_volume | 12 |
| creator | Yuen, John W M Chung, Terence W K Loke, Alice Y |
| description | The aim in this study was to assess the effectiveness of a quaternary ammonium chloride (QAC) surfactant in reducing surface staphylococcal contamination in a routinely operating medical ward occupied by patients who had tested positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The QAC being tested is an antibacterial film that is sprayed onto a surface and can remain active for up to 8 h. A field experimental study was designed with the QAC plus daily hypochlorite cleaning as the experimental group and hypochlorite cleaning alone as the control group. The method of swabbing on moistened surfaces was used for sampling. It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities. Irrespective of the MRSA status of the patients, high-touch surfaces around the bed-units within the studied medical ward were heavily contaminated (ranged 1 to 276 cfu/cm2 amongst the sites with positive culture) with staphylococcal bacteria including MRSA, despite the implementation of daily hypochlorite wiping. However, the contamination rate dropped significantly from 78% to 11% after the application of the QAC polymer. In the experimental group, the mean staphylococcal concentration of bedside surfaces was significantly (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ijerph120303026 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_4377950</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>3632116041</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c454t-94b217511d340d670a0dd7fb2a2631aac4df8147609dd0649fea6be4e1d3b4f73</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNUk1v1DAQjRCIlsKZG7LEpRyW2rHX2VyQqqp8SK2QKJyjiT0hs0rsYDut9ifyr3DapSo9IVuakee953mjKYrXgr-XsuYntMUw9aLkMp9SPykOhdZ8pTQXTx_kB8WLGLecy43S9fPioFxXelMqcVj8vsTUk6FhILcKGCkmcIldJZj63eCNN2aODOaAORxffrs6fceMdwlGcpDIO0aOtWgjWWRxDh0YjMx3DFjv40QJBnYDwTJwlqUe2eQTukT5GbsOTaJrdBhvKeh6cAYtsxTJ3Raz_g2lPrPzTTSSCb5dyJMfdiOG_ZdLzy-LZx0MEV_t41Hx4-P597PPq4uvn76cnV6sjFqrtKpVW4pqLYSViltdceDWVl1bQqmlADDKdhuhKs1ra7lWdYegW1SYCa3qKnlUfLjTneZ2RGuymwBDMwUaIewaD9T8W3HUNz_9daNkVdVrngWO9wLB_5oxpmakaHAYwKGfYyP0hiulK1X9B1SrUuhaLqpvH0G3fg4uT2JBZb_rjdQZdXKHynOMMWB337fgzbJRzaONyow3D-3e4_-ukPwDnIfOSA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1665115836</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) contamination in bedside surfaces of a hospital ward and the potential effectiveness of enhanced disinfection with an antimicrobial polymer surfactant</title><source>MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry</source><source>PubMed Central Open Access</source><creator>Yuen, John W M ; Chung, Terence W K ; Loke, Alice Y</creator><creatorcontrib>Yuen, John W M ; Chung, Terence W K ; Loke, Alice Y</creatorcontrib><description>The aim in this study was to assess the effectiveness of a quaternary ammonium chloride (QAC) surfactant in reducing surface staphylococcal contamination in a routinely operating medical ward occupied by patients who had tested positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The QAC being tested is an antibacterial film that is sprayed onto a surface and can remain active for up to 8 h. A field experimental study was designed with the QAC plus daily hypochlorite cleaning as the experimental group and hypochlorite cleaning alone as the control group. The method of swabbing on moistened surfaces was used for sampling. It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities. Irrespective of the MRSA status of the patients, high-touch surfaces around the bed-units within the studied medical ward were heavily contaminated (ranged 1 to 276 cfu/cm2 amongst the sites with positive culture) with staphylococcal bacteria including MRSA, despite the implementation of daily hypochlorite wiping. However, the contamination rate dropped significantly from 78% to 11% after the application of the QAC polymer. In the experimental group, the mean staphylococcal concentration of bedside surfaces was significantly (p<0.0001) reduced from 4.4±8.7 cfu/cm2 at 08:00 hours to 0.07±0.26 cfu/cm2 at 12:00 hours by the QAC polymer. The results of this study support the view that, in addition to hypochlorite wiping, the tested QAC surfactant is a potential environmental decontamination strategy for preventing the transmission of clinically important pathogens in medical wards.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-7827</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120303026</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25768241</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject><![CDATA[Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antimicrobial agents ; Contamination ; Disinfectants - administration & dosage ; Disinfectants - pharmacology ; Disinfection - methods ; Female ; Hong Kong ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Hypochlorous Acid - administration & dosage ; Hypochlorous Acid - pharmacology ; Male ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus - drug effects ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus - isolation & purification ; Middle Aged ; Patients' Rooms ; Polymers - administration & dosage ; Polymers - pharmacology ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds - administration & dosage ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds - pharmacology ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Staphylococcus infections ; Studies ; Surface-Active Agents - administration & dosage ; Surface-Active Agents - pharmacology]]></subject><ispartof>International journal of environmental research and public health, 2015-03, Vol.12 (3), p.3026-3041</ispartof><rights>Copyright Molecular Diversity Preservation International Mar 2015</rights><rights>2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. 2015</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c454t-94b217511d340d670a0dd7fb2a2631aac4df8147609dd0649fea6be4e1d3b4f73</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c454t-94b217511d340d670a0dd7fb2a2631aac4df8147609dd0649fea6be4e1d3b4f73</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-0676-8139 ; 0000-0003-1681-233X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4377950/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4377950/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25768241$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Yuen, John W M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chung, Terence W K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Loke, Alice Y</creatorcontrib><title>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) contamination in bedside surfaces of a hospital ward and the potential effectiveness of enhanced disinfection with an antimicrobial polymer surfactant</title><title>International journal of environmental research and public health</title><addtitle>Int J Environ Res Public Health</addtitle><description>The aim in this study was to assess the effectiveness of a quaternary ammonium chloride (QAC) surfactant in reducing surface staphylococcal contamination in a routinely operating medical ward occupied by patients who had tested positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The QAC being tested is an antibacterial film that is sprayed onto a surface and can remain active for up to 8 h. A field experimental study was designed with the QAC plus daily hypochlorite cleaning as the experimental group and hypochlorite cleaning alone as the control group. The method of swabbing on moistened surfaces was used for sampling. It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities. Irrespective of the MRSA status of the patients, high-touch surfaces around the bed-units within the studied medical ward were heavily contaminated (ranged 1 to 276 cfu/cm2 amongst the sites with positive culture) with staphylococcal bacteria including MRSA, despite the implementation of daily hypochlorite wiping. However, the contamination rate dropped significantly from 78% to 11% after the application of the QAC polymer. In the experimental group, the mean staphylococcal concentration of bedside surfaces was significantly (p<0.0001) reduced from 4.4±8.7 cfu/cm2 at 08:00 hours to 0.07±0.26 cfu/cm2 at 12:00 hours by the QAC polymer. The results of this study support the view that, in addition to hypochlorite wiping, the tested QAC surfactant is a potential environmental decontamination strategy for preventing the transmission of clinically important pathogens in medical wards.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Antimicrobial agents</subject><subject>Contamination</subject><subject>Disinfectants - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Disinfectants - pharmacology</subject><subject>Disinfection - methods</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Hong Kong</subject><subject>Hospitals</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypochlorous Acid - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Hypochlorous Acid - pharmacology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus - drug effects</subject><subject>Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Patients' Rooms</subject><subject>Polymers - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Polymers - pharmacology</subject><subject>Quaternary Ammonium Compounds - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Quaternary Ammonium Compounds - pharmacology</subject><subject>Staphylococcus aureus</subject><subject>Staphylococcus infections</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Surface-Active Agents - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Surface-Active Agents - pharmacology</subject><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><issn>1660-4601</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqNUk1v1DAQjRCIlsKZG7LEpRyW2rHX2VyQqqp8SK2QKJyjiT0hs0rsYDut9ifyr3DapSo9IVuakee953mjKYrXgr-XsuYntMUw9aLkMp9SPykOhdZ8pTQXTx_kB8WLGLecy43S9fPioFxXelMqcVj8vsTUk6FhILcKGCkmcIldJZj63eCNN2aODOaAORxffrs6fceMdwlGcpDIO0aOtWgjWWRxDh0YjMx3DFjv40QJBnYDwTJwlqUe2eQTukT5GbsOTaJrdBhvKeh6cAYtsxTJ3Raz_g2lPrPzTTSSCb5dyJMfdiOG_ZdLzy-LZx0MEV_t41Hx4-P597PPq4uvn76cnV6sjFqrtKpVW4pqLYSViltdceDWVl1bQqmlADDKdhuhKs1ra7lWdYegW1SYCa3qKnlUfLjTneZ2RGuymwBDMwUaIewaD9T8W3HUNz_9daNkVdVrngWO9wLB_5oxpmakaHAYwKGfYyP0hiulK1X9B1SrUuhaLqpvH0G3fg4uT2JBZb_rjdQZdXKHynOMMWB337fgzbJRzaONyow3D-3e4_-ukPwDnIfOSA</recordid><startdate>20150311</startdate><enddate>20150311</enddate><creator>Yuen, John W M</creator><creator>Chung, Terence W K</creator><creator>Loke, Alice Y</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>COVID</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0676-8139</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1681-233X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20150311</creationdate><title>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) contamination in bedside surfaces of a hospital ward and the potential effectiveness of enhanced disinfection with an antimicrobial polymer surfactant</title><author>Yuen, John W M ; Chung, Terence W K ; Loke, Alice Y</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c454t-94b217511d340d670a0dd7fb2a2631aac4df8147609dd0649fea6be4e1d3b4f73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aged, 80 and over</topic><topic>Antimicrobial agents</topic><topic>Contamination</topic><topic>Disinfectants - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Disinfectants - pharmacology</topic><topic>Disinfection - methods</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Hong Kong</topic><topic>Hospitals</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hypochlorous Acid - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Hypochlorous Acid - pharmacology</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus - drug effects</topic><topic>Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Patients' Rooms</topic><topic>Polymers - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Polymers - pharmacology</topic><topic>Quaternary Ammonium Compounds - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Quaternary Ammonium Compounds - pharmacology</topic><topic>Staphylococcus aureus</topic><topic>Staphylococcus infections</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Surface-Active Agents - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Surface-Active Agents - pharmacology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Yuen, John W M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chung, Terence W K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Loke, Alice Y</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Coronavirus Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>International journal of environmental research and public health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Yuen, John W M</au><au>Chung, Terence W K</au><au>Loke, Alice Y</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) contamination in bedside surfaces of a hospital ward and the potential effectiveness of enhanced disinfection with an antimicrobial polymer surfactant</atitle><jtitle>International journal of environmental research and public health</jtitle><addtitle>Int J Environ Res Public Health</addtitle><date>2015-03-11</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>3026</spage><epage>3041</epage><pages>3026-3041</pages><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><eissn>1660-4601</eissn><abstract>The aim in this study was to assess the effectiveness of a quaternary ammonium chloride (QAC) surfactant in reducing surface staphylococcal contamination in a routinely operating medical ward occupied by patients who had tested positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The QAC being tested is an antibacterial film that is sprayed onto a surface and can remain active for up to 8 h. A field experimental study was designed with the QAC plus daily hypochlorite cleaning as the experimental group and hypochlorite cleaning alone as the control group. The method of swabbing on moistened surfaces was used for sampling. It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities. Irrespective of the MRSA status of the patients, high-touch surfaces around the bed-units within the studied medical ward were heavily contaminated (ranged 1 to 276 cfu/cm2 amongst the sites with positive culture) with staphylococcal bacteria including MRSA, despite the implementation of daily hypochlorite wiping. However, the contamination rate dropped significantly from 78% to 11% after the application of the QAC polymer. In the experimental group, the mean staphylococcal concentration of bedside surfaces was significantly (p<0.0001) reduced from 4.4±8.7 cfu/cm2 at 08:00 hours to 0.07±0.26 cfu/cm2 at 12:00 hours by the QAC polymer. The results of this study support the view that, in addition to hypochlorite wiping, the tested QAC surfactant is a potential environmental decontamination strategy for preventing the transmission of clinically important pathogens in medical wards.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>25768241</pmid><doi>10.3390/ijerph120303026</doi><tpages>16</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0676-8139</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1681-233X</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1660-4601 |
| ispartof | International journal of environmental research and public health, 2015-03, Vol.12 (3), p.3026-3041 |
| issn | 1660-4601 1661-7827 1660-4601 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_4377950 |
| source | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; PubMed Central Open Access |
| subjects | Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Antimicrobial agents Contamination Disinfectants - administration & dosage Disinfectants - pharmacology Disinfection - methods Female Hong Kong Hospitals Humans Hypochlorous Acid - administration & dosage Hypochlorous Acid - pharmacology Male Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus - drug effects Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus - isolation & purification Middle Aged Patients' Rooms Polymers - administration & dosage Polymers - pharmacology Quaternary Ammonium Compounds - administration & dosage Quaternary Ammonium Compounds - pharmacology Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus infections Studies Surface-Active Agents - administration & dosage Surface-Active Agents - pharmacology |
| title | Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) contamination in bedside surfaces of a hospital ward and the potential effectiveness of enhanced disinfection with an antimicrobial polymer surfactant |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-03T06%3A25%3A51IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Methicillin-resistant%20Staphylococcus%20aureus%20(MRSA)%20contamination%20in%20bedside%20surfaces%20of%20a%20hospital%20ward%20and%20the%20potential%20effectiveness%20of%20enhanced%20disinfection%20with%20an%20antimicrobial%20polymer%20surfactant&rft.jtitle=International%20journal%20of%20environmental%20research%20and%20public%20health&rft.au=Yuen,%20John%20W%20M&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=3026&rft.epage=3041&rft.pages=3026-3041&rft.issn=1660-4601&rft.eissn=1660-4601&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390/ijerph120303026&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_pubme%3E3632116041%3C/proquest_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1665115836&rft_id=info:pmid/25768241&rfr_iscdi=true |