Physiological and psychological effects of forest therapy on middle-aged males with high-normal blood pressure
Time spent walking and relaxing in a forest environment ("forest bathing" or "forest therapy") has well demonstrated anti-stress effects in healthy adults, but benefits for ill or at-risk populations have not been reported. The present study assessed the physiological and psychol...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of environmental research and public health 2015-02, Vol.12 (3), p.2532-2542 |
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| creator | Ochiai, Hiroko Ikei, Harumi Song, Chorong Kobayashi, Maiko Takamatsu, Ako Miura, Takashi Kagawa, Takahide Li, Qing Kumeda, Shigeyoshi Imai, Michiko Miyazaki, Yoshifumi |
| description | Time spent walking and relaxing in a forest environment ("forest bathing" or "forest therapy") has well demonstrated anti-stress effects in healthy adults, but benefits for ill or at-risk populations have not been reported. The present study assessed the physiological and psychological effects of forest therapy (relaxation and stress management activity in the forest) on middle-aged males with high-normal blood pressure. Blood pressure and several physiological and psychological indices of stress were measured the day before and approximately 2 h following forest therapy. Both pre- and post-treatment measures were conducted at the same time of day to avoid circadian influences. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), urinary adrenaline, and serum cortisol were all significantly lower than baseline following forest therapy (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ijerph120302532 |
| format | Article |
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The present study assessed the physiological and psychological effects of forest therapy (relaxation and stress management activity in the forest) on middle-aged males with high-normal blood pressure. Blood pressure and several physiological and psychological indices of stress were measured the day before and approximately 2 h following forest therapy. Both pre- and post-treatment measures were conducted at the same time of day to avoid circadian influences. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), urinary adrenaline, and serum cortisol were all significantly lower than baseline following forest therapy (p<0.05). Subjects reported feeling significantly more "relaxed" and "natural" according to the Semantic Differential (SD) method. Profile of Mood State (POMS) negative mood subscale scores for "tension-anxiety," "confusion," and "anger-hostility," as well as the Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) score were significantly lower following forest therapy. These results highlight that forest is a promising treatment strategy to reduce blood pressure into the optimal range and possibly prevent progression to clinical hypertension in middle-aged males with high-normal blood pressure.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-7827</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120302532</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25809507</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Adult ; Affect ; Aged ; Communication ; Forests ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypertension - prevention & control ; Japan ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Preventive medicine ; Relaxation ; Relaxation Therapy - psychology ; Stress, Psychological - prevention & control ; Stress, Psychological - psychology ; Therapy</subject><ispartof>International journal of environmental research and public health, 2015-02, Vol.12 (3), p.2532-2542</ispartof><rights>Copyright Molecular Diversity Preservation International Mar 2015</rights><rights>2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. 2015</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c454t-ad20041116bf9c9128d2d8f66985fae20acb0c8e2a57b67fca7de14bbe93f7223</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c454t-ad20041116bf9c9128d2d8f66985fae20acb0c8e2a57b67fca7de14bbe93f7223</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4377916/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4377916/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809507$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ochiai, Hiroko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ikei, Harumi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Song, Chorong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kobayashi, Maiko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Takamatsu, Ako</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miura, Takashi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kagawa, Takahide</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Qing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kumeda, Shigeyoshi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Imai, Michiko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miyazaki, Yoshifumi</creatorcontrib><title>Physiological and psychological effects of forest therapy on middle-aged males with high-normal blood pressure</title><title>International journal of environmental research and public health</title><addtitle>Int J Environ Res Public Health</addtitle><description>Time spent walking and relaxing in a forest environment ("forest bathing" or "forest therapy") has well demonstrated anti-stress effects in healthy adults, but benefits for ill or at-risk populations have not been reported. The present study assessed the physiological and psychological effects of forest therapy (relaxation and stress management activity in the forest) on middle-aged males with high-normal blood pressure. Blood pressure and several physiological and psychological indices of stress were measured the day before and approximately 2 h following forest therapy. Both pre- and post-treatment measures were conducted at the same time of day to avoid circadian influences. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), urinary adrenaline, and serum cortisol were all significantly lower than baseline following forest therapy (p<0.05). Subjects reported feeling significantly more "relaxed" and "natural" according to the Semantic Differential (SD) method. Profile of Mood State (POMS) negative mood subscale scores for "tension-anxiety," "confusion," and "anger-hostility," as well as the Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) score were significantly lower following forest therapy. These results highlight that forest is a promising treatment strategy to reduce blood pressure into the optimal range and possibly prevent progression to clinical hypertension in middle-aged males with high-normal blood pressure.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Affect</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Communication</subject><subject>Forests</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypertension</subject><subject>Hypertension - prevention & control</subject><subject>Japan</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Preventive medicine</subject><subject>Relaxation</subject><subject>Relaxation Therapy - psychology</subject><subject>Stress, Psychological - prevention & control</subject><subject>Stress, Psychological - psychology</subject><subject>Therapy</subject><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><issn>1660-4601</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkUtv1TAQhS1ERUthzQ5ZYsMm1G8nGyRU8ZIqtYuyjhx7fOMrJw52Arr_HlctV6UrVjOa-eZoZg5Cbyj5wHlHLsIe8jJSRjhhkrNn6IwqRRqhCH3-KD9FL0vZE8JboboX6JTJlnSS6DM034yHElJMu2BNxGZ2eCkHOx4r4D3YteDksU8ZyorXEbJZDjjNeArORWjMDhyeTISCf4d1xGPYjc2cci3hIaZUNetk2TK8QifexAKvH-I5-vHl8-3lt-bq-uv3y09XjRVSrI1xjBBBKVWD72xHWeuYa71SXSu9AUaMHYhtgRmpB6W9NdoBFcMAHfeaMX6OPt7rLtswgbMwr9nEfslhMvnQJxP6fztzGPtd-tULrnVHVRV4_yCQ08-tnt1PoViI0cyQttJT1XIuhSD_gyrNJWW0rei7J-g-bXmun7ijJKVS065SF_eUzamUDP64NyX9ne39E9vrxNvH5x75vz7zPwRjrAU</recordid><startdate>20150225</startdate><enddate>20150225</enddate><creator>Ochiai, Hiroko</creator><creator>Ikei, Harumi</creator><creator>Song, Chorong</creator><creator>Kobayashi, Maiko</creator><creator>Takamatsu, Ako</creator><creator>Miura, Takashi</creator><creator>Kagawa, Takahide</creator><creator>Li, Qing</creator><creator>Kumeda, Shigeyoshi</creator><creator>Imai, Michiko</creator><creator>Miyazaki, Yoshifumi</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7U1</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20150225</creationdate><title>Physiological and psychological effects of forest therapy on middle-aged males with high-normal blood pressure</title><author>Ochiai, Hiroko ; 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The present study assessed the physiological and psychological effects of forest therapy (relaxation and stress management activity in the forest) on middle-aged males with high-normal blood pressure. Blood pressure and several physiological and psychological indices of stress were measured the day before and approximately 2 h following forest therapy. Both pre- and post-treatment measures were conducted at the same time of day to avoid circadian influences. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), urinary adrenaline, and serum cortisol were all significantly lower than baseline following forest therapy (p<0.05). Subjects reported feeling significantly more "relaxed" and "natural" according to the Semantic Differential (SD) method. Profile of Mood State (POMS) negative mood subscale scores for "tension-anxiety," "confusion," and "anger-hostility," as well as the Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) score were significantly lower following forest therapy. 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| subjects | Adult Affect Aged Communication Forests Humans Hypertension Hypertension - prevention & control Japan Male Middle Aged Preventive medicine Relaxation Relaxation Therapy - psychology Stress, Psychological - prevention & control Stress, Psychological - psychology Therapy |
| title | Physiological and psychological effects of forest therapy on middle-aged males with high-normal blood pressure |
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