Paralytic shellfish poisonings resulting from an algal bloom in Nicaragua
During an October 2005 algal bloom (i.e., a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae) off the coast of Nicaragua, 45 people developed symptoms of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and one person died. PSP in humans is caused by ingestion of saxitoxin, which is a neurotoxin often a...
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| creator | Callejas, Luis Darce, Ana Cristian Melendez Amador, Juan Jose Conklin, Laura Gaffga, Nicholas Schurz Rogers, Helen DeGrasse, Stacey Hall, Sherwood Earley, Marie Mei, Joanne Rubin, Carol Aldighieri, Sylvain Backer, Lorraine C Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo |
| description | During an October 2005 algal bloom (i.e., a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae) off the coast of Nicaragua, 45 people developed symptoms of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and one person died. PSP in humans is caused by ingestion of saxitoxin, which is a neurotoxin often associated with shellfish contaminated by algal blooms. To explore the relationship between the algal bloom and human illnesses, we performed a case-control study of residents living in a coastal island. We administered a standardized clinical questionnaire, sampled locally harvested seafood and algae, and obtained urine samples for saxitoxin testing from symptomatic and asymptomatic persons. PSP case-patients were defined as island residents who developed at least one neurological symptom during the November 4-16 intoxication period. Seafood and algal samples were analyzed for saxitoxins using the receptor-binding assay and high-performance liquid chromatography. Two urine samples were analyzed for saxitoxins using a newly developed immunoassay.
Three shellfish and two algal samples tested positive for saxitoxins. Ten (9%) of 107 participants developed neurological symptoms during the specified time period and five required hospitalization. While 6 (67%) of 9 possible case-patients and 21 (21%) of 98 controls had eaten fish (p=0.008), all case-patients and 17 (17%) of controls had eaten clams (P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1186/s13104-015-1012-4 |
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Three shellfish and two algal samples tested positive for saxitoxins. Ten (9%) of 107 participants developed neurological symptoms during the specified time period and five required hospitalization. While 6 (67%) of 9 possible case-patients and 21 (21%) of 98 controls had eaten fish (p=0.008), all case-patients and 17 (17%) of controls had eaten clams (P<0.0001). The saxitoxin concentration in the urine of a hospitalized case-patient was 21 ng saxitoxin/g creatinine compared to 0.16 ng saxitoxin/g creatinine in the single control patient's urine.
These findings suggest that a bloom of saxitoxin-producing algae resulted in saxitoxin accumulation in local clams and was responsible for the PSP intoxication.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1756-0500</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1756-0500</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1012-4</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25890043</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: BioMed Central Ltd</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Analysis ; Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Food contamination ; Harmful Algal Bloom ; Health aspects ; High performance liquid chromatography ; Humans ; Male ; Marine toxins ; Nicaragua - epidemiology ; Physiological aspects ; Seafood ; Shellfish Poisoning - epidemiology ; Shellfish Poisoning - etiology ; Short Report ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>BMC research notes, 2015-03, Vol.8 (1), p.74-74, Article 74</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2015 BioMed Central Ltd.</rights><rights>Callejas et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b5464-7c22b7fdfcd6eb6a360845bf8f38e9e7755d6f64600a03fcce93b9a4f8edd223</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b5464-7c22b7fdfcd6eb6a360845bf8f38e9e7755d6f64600a03fcce93b9a4f8edd223</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4359551/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4359551/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25890043$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Callejas, Luis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Darce, Ana Cristian Melendez</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amador, Juan Jose</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Conklin, Laura</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gaffga, Nicholas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schurz Rogers, Helen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>DeGrasse, Stacey</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hall, Sherwood</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Earley, Marie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mei, Joanne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rubin, Carol</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aldighieri, Sylvain</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Backer, Lorraine C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo</creatorcontrib><title>Paralytic shellfish poisonings resulting from an algal bloom in Nicaragua</title><title>BMC research notes</title><addtitle>BMC Res Notes</addtitle><description>During an October 2005 algal bloom (i.e., a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae) off the coast of Nicaragua, 45 people developed symptoms of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and one person died. PSP in humans is caused by ingestion of saxitoxin, which is a neurotoxin often associated with shellfish contaminated by algal blooms. To explore the relationship between the algal bloom and human illnesses, we performed a case-control study of residents living in a coastal island. We administered a standardized clinical questionnaire, sampled locally harvested seafood and algae, and obtained urine samples for saxitoxin testing from symptomatic and asymptomatic persons. PSP case-patients were defined as island residents who developed at least one neurological symptom during the November 4-16 intoxication period. Seafood and algal samples were analyzed for saxitoxins using the receptor-binding assay and high-performance liquid chromatography. Two urine samples were analyzed for saxitoxins using a newly developed immunoassay.
Three shellfish and two algal samples tested positive for saxitoxins. Ten (9%) of 107 participants developed neurological symptoms during the specified time period and five required hospitalization. While 6 (67%) of 9 possible case-patients and 21 (21%) of 98 controls had eaten fish (p=0.008), all case-patients and 17 (17%) of controls had eaten clams (P<0.0001). The saxitoxin concentration in the urine of a hospitalized case-patient was 21 ng saxitoxin/g creatinine compared to 0.16 ng saxitoxin/g creatinine in the single control patient's urine.
These findings suggest that a bloom of saxitoxin-producing algae resulted in saxitoxin accumulation in local clams and was responsible for the PSP intoxication.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Disease Outbreaks</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Food contamination</subject><subject>Harmful Algal Bloom</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>High performance liquid chromatography</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Marine toxins</subject><subject>Nicaragua - epidemiology</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Seafood</subject><subject>Shellfish Poisoning - epidemiology</subject><subject>Shellfish Poisoning - etiology</subject><subject>Short Report</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>1756-0500</issn><issn>1756-0500</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kk1P3DAQhi1UVOi2P4BLFakXegiM4484FyREP1gJAQfUq-U4dtZVYi9xguDf16tQRCSQD57xPPPK82oQOsJwgrHgpxETDDQHzHIMuMjpHjrEJeM5MIAPr-ID9CnGvwAcC4E_ooOCiQqAkkO0vlWD6p5Gp7O4MV1nXdxk2-Bi8M63MRtMnLoxhZkdQp8pn6muVV1WdyGlzmfXTieFdlKf0b5VXTRfnu8Vuvv18-7iMr-6-b2-OL_Ka0Y5zUtdFHVpG6sbbmquCAdBWW2FJcJUpiwZa7jllAMoIFZrU5G6UtQK0zRFQVbobJbdTnVvGm38mAaQ28H1aniSQTm5rHi3kW14kJSwijGcBH7MArUL7wgsKzr0cnZaJqflzukktkLHz_8Ywv1k4ih7F3VyUHkTpigxLykXjBWQ0G8zmowz0nkbkq7e4fKcUcwLYJgl6uQNKp3G9E4Hb6xL74uG74uGxIzmcWzVFKNc3_xZsnhm9RBiHIx9mReD3O3SmxN-fe30S8f_5SH_AGjxxHw</recordid><startdate>20150310</startdate><enddate>20150310</enddate><creator>Callejas, Luis</creator><creator>Darce, Ana Cristian Melendez</creator><creator>Amador, Juan Jose</creator><creator>Conklin, Laura</creator><creator>Gaffga, Nicholas</creator><creator>Schurz Rogers, Helen</creator><creator>DeGrasse, Stacey</creator><creator>Hall, Sherwood</creator><creator>Earley, Marie</creator><creator>Mei, Joanne</creator><creator>Rubin, Carol</creator><creator>Aldighieri, Sylvain</creator><creator>Backer, Lorraine C</creator><creator>Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo</creator><general>BioMed Central Ltd</general><general>BioMed Central</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20150310</creationdate><title>Paralytic shellfish poisonings resulting from an algal bloom in Nicaragua</title><author>Callejas, Luis ; Darce, Ana Cristian Melendez ; Amador, Juan Jose ; Conklin, Laura ; Gaffga, Nicholas ; Schurz Rogers, Helen ; DeGrasse, Stacey ; Hall, Sherwood ; Earley, Marie ; Mei, Joanne ; Rubin, Carol ; Aldighieri, Sylvain ; Backer, Lorraine C ; Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b5464-7c22b7fdfcd6eb6a360845bf8f38e9e7755d6f64600a03fcce93b9a4f8edd223</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Disease Outbreaks</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Food contamination</topic><topic>Harmful Algal Bloom</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>High performance liquid chromatography</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Marine toxins</topic><topic>Nicaragua - epidemiology</topic><topic>Physiological aspects</topic><topic>Seafood</topic><topic>Shellfish Poisoning - epidemiology</topic><topic>Shellfish Poisoning - etiology</topic><topic>Short Report</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Callejas, Luis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Darce, Ana Cristian Melendez</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amador, Juan Jose</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Conklin, Laura</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gaffga, Nicholas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schurz Rogers, Helen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>DeGrasse, Stacey</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hall, Sherwood</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Earley, Marie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mei, Joanne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rubin, Carol</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aldighieri, Sylvain</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Backer, Lorraine C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>BMC research notes</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Callejas, Luis</au><au>Darce, Ana Cristian Melendez</au><au>Amador, Juan Jose</au><au>Conklin, Laura</au><au>Gaffga, Nicholas</au><au>Schurz Rogers, Helen</au><au>DeGrasse, Stacey</au><au>Hall, Sherwood</au><au>Earley, Marie</au><au>Mei, Joanne</au><au>Rubin, Carol</au><au>Aldighieri, Sylvain</au><au>Backer, Lorraine C</au><au>Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Paralytic shellfish poisonings resulting from an algal bloom in Nicaragua</atitle><jtitle>BMC research notes</jtitle><addtitle>BMC Res Notes</addtitle><date>2015-03-10</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>8</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>74</spage><epage>74</epage><pages>74-74</pages><artnum>74</artnum><issn>1756-0500</issn><eissn>1756-0500</eissn><abstract>During an October 2005 algal bloom (i.e., a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae) off the coast of Nicaragua, 45 people developed symptoms of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and one person died. PSP in humans is caused by ingestion of saxitoxin, which is a neurotoxin often associated with shellfish contaminated by algal blooms. To explore the relationship between the algal bloom and human illnesses, we performed a case-control study of residents living in a coastal island. We administered a standardized clinical questionnaire, sampled locally harvested seafood and algae, and obtained urine samples for saxitoxin testing from symptomatic and asymptomatic persons. PSP case-patients were defined as island residents who developed at least one neurological symptom during the November 4-16 intoxication period. Seafood and algal samples were analyzed for saxitoxins using the receptor-binding assay and high-performance liquid chromatography. Two urine samples were analyzed for saxitoxins using a newly developed immunoassay.
Three shellfish and two algal samples tested positive for saxitoxins. Ten (9%) of 107 participants developed neurological symptoms during the specified time period and five required hospitalization. While 6 (67%) of 9 possible case-patients and 21 (21%) of 98 controls had eaten fish (p=0.008), all case-patients and 17 (17%) of controls had eaten clams (P<0.0001). The saxitoxin concentration in the urine of a hospitalized case-patient was 21 ng saxitoxin/g creatinine compared to 0.16 ng saxitoxin/g creatinine in the single control patient's urine.
These findings suggest that a bloom of saxitoxin-producing algae resulted in saxitoxin accumulation in local clams and was responsible for the PSP intoxication.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>BioMed Central Ltd</pub><pmid>25890043</pmid><doi>10.1186/s13104-015-1012-4</doi><tpages>1</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adolescent Adult Analysis Child Cross-Sectional Studies Disease Outbreaks Female Food contamination Harmful Algal Bloom Health aspects High performance liquid chromatography Humans Male Marine toxins Nicaragua - epidemiology Physiological aspects Seafood Shellfish Poisoning - epidemiology Shellfish Poisoning - etiology Short Report Young Adult |
| title | Paralytic shellfish poisonings resulting from an algal bloom in Nicaragua |
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