Synthesis and assembly of fungal melanin
Melanin is a unique pigment with myriad functions that is found in all biological kingdoms. It is multifunctional, providing defense against environmental stresses such as ultraviolet (UV) light, oxidizing agents and ionizing radiation. Melanin contributes to the ability of fungi to survive in harsh...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2012-02, Vol.93 (3), p.931-940 |
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| description | Melanin is a unique pigment with myriad functions that is found in all biological kingdoms. It is multifunctional, providing defense against environmental stresses such as ultraviolet (UV) light, oxidizing agents and ionizing radiation. Melanin contributes to the ability of fungi to survive in harsh environments. In addition, it plays a role in fungal pathogenesis. Melanin is an amorphous polymer that is produced by one of two synthetic pathways. Fungi may synthesize melanin from endogenous substrate via a 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) intermediate. Alternatively, some fungi produce melanin from
l
-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (
l
-dopa). The detailed chemical structure of melanin is not known. However, microscopic studies show that it has an overall granular structure. In fungi, melanin granules are localized to the cell wall where they are likely cross-linked to polysaccharides. Recent studies suggest the fungal melanin may be synthesized in internal vesicles akin to mammalian melanosomes and transported to the cell wall. Potential applications of melanin take advantage of melanin's radioprotective properties and propensity to bind to a variety of substances. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00253-011-3777-2 |
| format | Article |
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l
-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (
l
-dopa). The detailed chemical structure of melanin is not known. However, microscopic studies show that it has an overall granular structure. In fungi, melanin granules are localized to the cell wall where they are likely cross-linked to polysaccharides. Recent studies suggest the fungal melanin may be synthesized in internal vesicles akin to mammalian melanosomes and transported to the cell wall. Potential applications of melanin take advantage of melanin's radioprotective properties and propensity to bind to a variety of substances.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0175-7598</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1432-0614</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3777-2</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22173481</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag</publisher><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biosynthesis ; Biotechnology ; Cell Wall ; Cell Wall - metabolism ; Cell Wall - ultrastructure ; cell walls ; chemical structure ; chemistry ; Cryptococcus neoformans ; Cryptococcus neoformans - chemistry ; Cryptococcus neoformans - metabolism ; Cryptococcus neoformans - ultrastructure ; Cytokines ; Environmental stress ; Enzymes ; Fungi ; Fungi - chemistry ; Fungi - metabolism ; Fungi - ultrastructure ; Genes ; granules ; Infections ; Ionizing radiation ; L-dopa ; Life Sciences ; melanin ; Melanins ; Melanins - biosynthesis ; Melanins - chemistry ; Melanins - metabolism ; Melanosomes ; Melanosomes - metabolism ; metabolism ; Microbial Genetics and Genomics ; Microbiology ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Mini-Review ; oxidants ; Oxidizing agents ; pathogenesis ; Pathogens ; Pigments ; Polymers ; Radiation ; Saccharides ; Studies ; ultrastructure ; Virulence</subject><ispartof>Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2012-02, Vol.93 (3), p.931-940</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag 2011</rights><rights>Springer-Verlag 2012</rights><rights>Springer-Verlag 2011 2011</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c501t-f13cec76cca1ab739fd02cf606cbeeb1faaf7b1c5eedab5f265b85d51d45e6033</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c501t-f13cec76cca1ab739fd02cf606cbeeb1faaf7b1c5eedab5f265b85d51d45e6033</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00253-011-3777-2$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00253-011-3777-2$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22173481$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Eisenman, Helene C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Casadevall, Arturo</creatorcontrib><title>Synthesis and assembly of fungal melanin</title><title>Applied microbiology and biotechnology</title><addtitle>Appl Microbiol Biotechnol</addtitle><addtitle>Appl Microbiol Biotechnol</addtitle><description>Melanin is a unique pigment with myriad functions that is found in all biological kingdoms. It is multifunctional, providing defense against environmental stresses such as ultraviolet (UV) light, oxidizing agents and ionizing radiation. Melanin contributes to the ability of fungi to survive in harsh environments. In addition, it plays a role in fungal pathogenesis. Melanin is an amorphous polymer that is produced by one of two synthetic pathways. Fungi may synthesize melanin from endogenous substrate via a 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) intermediate. Alternatively, some fungi produce melanin from
l
-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (
l
-dopa). The detailed chemical structure of melanin is not known. However, microscopic studies show that it has an overall granular structure. In fungi, melanin granules are localized to the cell wall where they are likely cross-linked to polysaccharides. Recent studies suggest the fungal melanin may be synthesized in internal vesicles akin to mammalian melanosomes and transported to the cell wall. Potential applications of melanin take advantage of melanin's radioprotective properties and propensity to bind to a variety of substances.</description><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biosynthesis</subject><subject>Biotechnology</subject><subject>Cell Wall</subject><subject>Cell Wall - metabolism</subject><subject>Cell Wall - ultrastructure</subject><subject>cell walls</subject><subject>chemical structure</subject><subject>chemistry</subject><subject>Cryptococcus neoformans</subject><subject>Cryptococcus neoformans - chemistry</subject><subject>Cryptococcus neoformans - metabolism</subject><subject>Cryptococcus neoformans - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Cytokines</subject><subject>Environmental stress</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Fungi</subject><subject>Fungi - chemistry</subject><subject>Fungi - metabolism</subject><subject>Fungi - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Genes</subject><subject>granules</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Ionizing radiation</subject><subject>L-dopa</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>melanin</subject><subject>Melanins</subject><subject>Melanins - biosynthesis</subject><subject>Melanins - chemistry</subject><subject>Melanins - metabolism</subject><subject>Melanosomes</subject><subject>Melanosomes - metabolism</subject><subject>metabolism</subject><subject>Microbial Genetics and Genomics</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>Microscopy, Electron, Transmission</subject><subject>Mini-Review</subject><subject>oxidants</subject><subject>Oxidizing agents</subject><subject>pathogenesis</subject><subject>Pathogens</subject><subject>Pigments</subject><subject>Polymers</subject><subject>Radiation</subject><subject>Saccharides</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>ultrastructure</subject><subject>Virulence</subject><issn>0175-7598</issn><issn>1432-0614</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kU1LxDAQhoMo7vrxA7xI8aKXaiZpkvYiiPgFCx7Uc0jTydqlTddmK-y_N8v6DXrKYZ55JjMvIQdAT4FSdRYoZYKnFCDlSqmUbZAxZJylVEK2ScYUlEiVKPIR2QlhRimwXMptMmIMFM9yGJOTh6VfPGOoQ2J8lZgQsC2bZdK5xA1-apqkxcb42u-RLWeagPvv7y55ur56vLxNJ_c3d5cXk9QKCovUAbdolbTWgCkVL1xFmXWSSlsiluCMcaoEKxArUwrHpChzUQmoMoGScr5Lztfe-VC2WFn0i940et7XremXujO1_lnx9bOedq8645DnsBIcvwv67mXAsNBtHSw2cQvshqALULkQUopInvxLQiYLKArFVESPfqGzbuh9PMTKx-Od8yJCsIZs34XQo_v8NVC9CkyvA9MxML0KTLPYc_h93c-Oj4QiwNZAiCU_xf5r8t_WNx3LoRU</recordid><startdate>20120201</startdate><enddate>20120201</enddate><creator>Eisenman, Helene C.</creator><creator>Casadevall, Arturo</creator><general>Springer-Verlag</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7WY</scope><scope>7WZ</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>87Z</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8FL</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BEZIV</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FRNLG</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>F~G</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K60</scope><scope>K6~</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.-</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0C</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PQBIZ</scope><scope>PQBZA</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20120201</creationdate><title>Synthesis and assembly of fungal melanin</title><author>Eisenman, Helene C. ; Casadevall, Arturo</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c501t-f13cec76cca1ab739fd02cf606cbeeb1faaf7b1c5eedab5f265b85d51d45e6033</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biosynthesis</topic><topic>Biotechnology</topic><topic>Cell Wall</topic><topic>Cell Wall - metabolism</topic><topic>Cell Wall - ultrastructure</topic><topic>cell walls</topic><topic>chemical structure</topic><topic>chemistry</topic><topic>Cryptococcus neoformans</topic><topic>Cryptococcus neoformans - chemistry</topic><topic>Cryptococcus neoformans - metabolism</topic><topic>Cryptococcus neoformans - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Cytokines</topic><topic>Environmental stress</topic><topic>Enzymes</topic><topic>Fungi</topic><topic>Fungi - chemistry</topic><topic>Fungi - metabolism</topic><topic>Fungi - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Genes</topic><topic>granules</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Ionizing radiation</topic><topic>L-dopa</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>melanin</topic><topic>Melanins</topic><topic>Melanins - biosynthesis</topic><topic>Melanins - chemistry</topic><topic>Melanins - metabolism</topic><topic>Melanosomes</topic><topic>Melanosomes - metabolism</topic><topic>metabolism</topic><topic>Microbial Genetics and Genomics</topic><topic>Microbiology</topic><topic>Microscopy, Electron, Transmission</topic><topic>Mini-Review</topic><topic>oxidants</topic><topic>Oxidizing agents</topic><topic>pathogenesis</topic><topic>Pathogens</topic><topic>Pigments</topic><topic>Polymers</topic><topic>Radiation</topic><topic>Saccharides</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>ultrastructure</topic><topic>Virulence</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Eisenman, Helene C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Casadevall, Arturo</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Collection</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (PDF only)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Business Premium Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Business Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Business Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Business Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Professional Advanced</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest One Business</collection><collection>ProQuest One Business (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Applied microbiology and biotechnology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Eisenman, Helene C.</au><au>Casadevall, Arturo</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Synthesis and assembly of fungal melanin</atitle><jtitle>Applied microbiology and biotechnology</jtitle><stitle>Appl Microbiol Biotechnol</stitle><addtitle>Appl Microbiol Biotechnol</addtitle><date>2012-02-01</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>93</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>931</spage><epage>940</epage><pages>931-940</pages><issn>0175-7598</issn><eissn>1432-0614</eissn><abstract>Melanin is a unique pigment with myriad functions that is found in all biological kingdoms. It is multifunctional, providing defense against environmental stresses such as ultraviolet (UV) light, oxidizing agents and ionizing radiation. Melanin contributes to the ability of fungi to survive in harsh environments. In addition, it plays a role in fungal pathogenesis. Melanin is an amorphous polymer that is produced by one of two synthetic pathways. Fungi may synthesize melanin from endogenous substrate via a 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) intermediate. Alternatively, some fungi produce melanin from
l
-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (
l
-dopa). The detailed chemical structure of melanin is not known. However, microscopic studies show that it has an overall granular structure. In fungi, melanin granules are localized to the cell wall where they are likely cross-linked to polysaccharides. Recent studies suggest the fungal melanin may be synthesized in internal vesicles akin to mammalian melanosomes and transported to the cell wall. Potential applications of melanin take advantage of melanin's radioprotective properties and propensity to bind to a variety of substances.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer-Verlag</pub><pmid>22173481</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00253-011-3777-2</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2012-02, Vol.93 (3), p.931-940 |
| issn | 0175-7598 1432-0614 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals |
| subjects | Biomedical and Life Sciences Biosynthesis Biotechnology Cell Wall Cell Wall - metabolism Cell Wall - ultrastructure cell walls chemical structure chemistry Cryptococcus neoformans Cryptococcus neoformans - chemistry Cryptococcus neoformans - metabolism Cryptococcus neoformans - ultrastructure Cytokines Environmental stress Enzymes Fungi Fungi - chemistry Fungi - metabolism Fungi - ultrastructure Genes granules Infections Ionizing radiation L-dopa Life Sciences melanin Melanins Melanins - biosynthesis Melanins - chemistry Melanins - metabolism Melanosomes Melanosomes - metabolism metabolism Microbial Genetics and Genomics Microbiology Microscopy, Electron, Transmission Mini-Review oxidants Oxidizing agents pathogenesis Pathogens Pigments Polymers Radiation Saccharides Studies ultrastructure Virulence |
| title | Synthesis and assembly of fungal melanin |
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