The evaluation of three diagnostic tests for the detection of equine influenza nucleoprotein in nasal swabs
Background Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of horses. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate two rapid antigen detection kits (Directigen or DFA, and Espline) and a commercial ELISA for the detection of EI nucleoprotein in nasal swabs. Method Nasal swab sam...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Influenza and other respiratory viruses 2014-05, Vol.8 (3), p.376-383 |
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| creator | Galvin, Pamela Gildea, Sarah Nelly, Maura Quinlivan, Michelle Arkins, Sean Walsh, Cathal Cullinane, Ann |
| description | Background
Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of horses.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate two rapid antigen detection kits (Directigen or DFA, and Espline) and a commercial ELISA for the detection of EI nucleoprotein in nasal swabs.
Method
Nasal swab samples from naturally and experimentally infected horses were used to compare the sensitivity and specificity of these assays to virus isolation (VI) and real‐time RT‐PCR.
Results
If real‐time RT‐PCR was considered as the gold standard, the sensitivity of the other tests in field samples was 68% (DFA), 35% (ELISA), 29% (Espline), and 9% (VI). These tests had 100% specificity when compared to real‐time RT‐PCR. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve indicated that decreasing the cutoff of the ELISA would increase sensitivity with some loss of specificity. In samples from experimentally infected horses, the sensitivity of the tests compared with real‐time RT‐PCR was 69% (VI), 27% (DFA), 6% (Espline), and 2% (ELISA). The specificity was 100% for Espline and ELISA and 95% for VI and DFA.
Conclusions
This study illustrated that DFA is the most sensitive antigen detection test evaluated for the diagnosis of EI and that it can detect virus in some subclinical infected and vaccinated horses. The results suggest that DFA is a useful adjunct to laboratory tests and may be effective as a screening test in a quarantine station or similar facility where horses are monitored daily. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/irv.12235 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_4181487</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A711824758</galeid><sourcerecordid>A711824758</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5435-cb9493ca3b6329dcda3884643fb4ac43b55ee143ebb4a98daad2cf333bcdbc8e3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkl1rFDEUhgdRbK1e-Ack4E292O3kayZzI5RitVAQpHobksyZ3dRssk1mttRf31O3Xa0omFzk4zznzcnhrarXtJ5THEc-b-aUMS6fVPu0lfWMNbJ7utuLeq96UcplXctGSfG82mNCUiaber_6frEEAhsTJjP6FEkayLjMAKT3ZhFTGb0jI5SxkCFlDGEARnAPLFxNPgLxcQgTxB-GxMkFSOucRvAR70k0xQRSro0tL6tngwkFXt2vB9XX0w8XJ59m558_np0cn8-cFFzOnO1Ex53htuGs611vuFKiEXywwjjBrZQAVHCweO5Ub0zP3MA5t663TgE_qN5vddeTXUHvII7ZBL3OfmXyjU7G68eR6Jd6kTZaUEWFalHg8F4gp6sJf69XvjgIwURIU9FUMoGVMkn_A6WyEbKTDNG3f6CXacoRO6EZU51sO8boL2phAmhsbMIS3Z2oPm4pVUy0UiE1_wuFs4eVdynC4PH-UcK7bYLLqZQMw64dtNZ3JtJoIv3TRMi--b1_O_LBNQgcbYFrfOXm30r67Mu3reQt-GrSDg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2289579221</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>The evaluation of three diagnostic tests for the detection of equine influenza nucleoprotein in nasal swabs</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Wiley Online Library</source><source>EZB Free E-Journals</source><source>Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>Wiley Online Library Open Access</source><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Galvin, Pamela ; Gildea, Sarah ; Nelly, Maura ; Quinlivan, Michelle ; Arkins, Sean ; Walsh, Cathal ; Cullinane, Ann</creator><creatorcontrib>Galvin, Pamela ; Gildea, Sarah ; Nelly, Maura ; Quinlivan, Michelle ; Arkins, Sean ; Walsh, Cathal ; Cullinane, Ann</creatorcontrib><description>Background
Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of horses.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate two rapid antigen detection kits (Directigen or DFA, and Espline) and a commercial ELISA for the detection of EI nucleoprotein in nasal swabs.
Method
Nasal swab samples from naturally and experimentally infected horses were used to compare the sensitivity and specificity of these assays to virus isolation (VI) and real‐time RT‐PCR.
Results
If real‐time RT‐PCR was considered as the gold standard, the sensitivity of the other tests in field samples was 68% (DFA), 35% (ELISA), 29% (Espline), and 9% (VI). These tests had 100% specificity when compared to real‐time RT‐PCR. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve indicated that decreasing the cutoff of the ELISA would increase sensitivity with some loss of specificity. In samples from experimentally infected horses, the sensitivity of the tests compared with real‐time RT‐PCR was 69% (VI), 27% (DFA), 6% (Espline), and 2% (ELISA). The specificity was 100% for Espline and ELISA and 95% for VI and DFA.
Conclusions
This study illustrated that DFA is the most sensitive antigen detection test evaluated for the diagnosis of EI and that it can detect virus in some subclinical infected and vaccinated horses. The results suggest that DFA is a useful adjunct to laboratory tests and may be effective as a screening test in a quarantine station or similar facility where horses are monitored daily.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1750-2640</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1750-2659</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/irv.12235</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24512560</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: John Wiley & Sons, Inc</publisher><subject>Animals ; Antigens ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic systems ; Diagnostic tests ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine - instrumentation ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine - methods ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine - veterinary ; Eggs ; ELISA ; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - instrumentation ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - methods ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - veterinary ; Epidemics ; equine influenza ; Espline ; Horse Diseases - diagnosis ; Horses ; Infections ; Influenza ; Laboratories ; Laboratory tests ; Medical screening ; Medical tests ; Nose - virology ; nucleoprotein Directigen ; Original ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections - diagnosis ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections - veterinary ; Quarantine ; rapid antigen detection ; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic - veterinary ; Respiratory diseases ; RNA-Binding Proteins - analysis ; RNA-Binding Proteins - genetics ; Sensitivity ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Viral Core Proteins - analysis ; Viral Core Proteins - genetics ; Viruses</subject><ispartof>Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 2014-05, Vol.8 (3), p.376-383</ispartof><rights>2014 The Authors. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>2014 The Authors. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</rights><rights>2014. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2014 The Authors. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2014</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5435-cb9493ca3b6329dcda3884643fb4ac43b55ee143ebb4a98daad2cf333bcdbc8e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5435-cb9493ca3b6329dcda3884643fb4ac43b55ee143ebb4a98daad2cf333bcdbc8e3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4181487/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4181487/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,1417,11562,27924,27925,45574,45575,46052,46476,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24512560$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Galvin, Pamela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gildea, Sarah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nelly, Maura</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Quinlivan, Michelle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arkins, Sean</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Walsh, Cathal</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cullinane, Ann</creatorcontrib><title>The evaluation of three diagnostic tests for the detection of equine influenza nucleoprotein in nasal swabs</title><title>Influenza and other respiratory viruses</title><addtitle>Influenza Other Respir Viruses</addtitle><description>Background
Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of horses.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate two rapid antigen detection kits (Directigen or DFA, and Espline) and a commercial ELISA for the detection of EI nucleoprotein in nasal swabs.
Method
Nasal swab samples from naturally and experimentally infected horses were used to compare the sensitivity and specificity of these assays to virus isolation (VI) and real‐time RT‐PCR.
Results
If real‐time RT‐PCR was considered as the gold standard, the sensitivity of the other tests in field samples was 68% (DFA), 35% (ELISA), 29% (Espline), and 9% (VI). These tests had 100% specificity when compared to real‐time RT‐PCR. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve indicated that decreasing the cutoff of the ELISA would increase sensitivity with some loss of specificity. In samples from experimentally infected horses, the sensitivity of the tests compared with real‐time RT‐PCR was 69% (VI), 27% (DFA), 6% (Espline), and 2% (ELISA). The specificity was 100% for Espline and ELISA and 95% for VI and DFA.
Conclusions
This study illustrated that DFA is the most sensitive antigen detection test evaluated for the diagnosis of EI and that it can detect virus in some subclinical infected and vaccinated horses. The results suggest that DFA is a useful adjunct to laboratory tests and may be effective as a screening test in a quarantine station or similar facility where horses are monitored daily.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antigens</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>Diagnostic systems</subject><subject>Diagnostic tests</subject><subject>Diagnostic Tests, Routine - instrumentation</subject><subject>Diagnostic Tests, Routine - methods</subject><subject>Diagnostic Tests, Routine - veterinary</subject><subject>Eggs</subject><subject>ELISA</subject><subject>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</subject><subject>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - instrumentation</subject><subject>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - methods</subject><subject>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - veterinary</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>equine influenza</subject><subject>Espline</subject><subject>Horse Diseases - diagnosis</subject><subject>Horses</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Influenza</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Laboratory tests</subject><subject>Medical screening</subject><subject>Medical tests</subject><subject>Nose - virology</subject><subject>nucleoprotein Directigen</subject><subject>Original</subject><subject>Orthomyxoviridae Infections - diagnosis</subject><subject>Orthomyxoviridae Infections - veterinary</subject><subject>Quarantine</subject><subject>rapid antigen detection</subject><subject>Reagent Kits, Diagnostic - veterinary</subject><subject>Respiratory diseases</subject><subject>RNA-Binding Proteins - analysis</subject><subject>RNA-Binding Proteins - genetics</subject><subject>Sensitivity</subject><subject>Sensitivity and Specificity</subject><subject>Viral Core Proteins - analysis</subject><subject>Viral Core Proteins - genetics</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><issn>1750-2640</issn><issn>1750-2659</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>WIN</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkl1rFDEUhgdRbK1e-Ack4E292O3kayZzI5RitVAQpHobksyZ3dRssk1mttRf31O3Xa0omFzk4zznzcnhrarXtJ5THEc-b-aUMS6fVPu0lfWMNbJ7utuLeq96UcplXctGSfG82mNCUiaber_6frEEAhsTJjP6FEkayLjMAKT3ZhFTGb0jI5SxkCFlDGEARnAPLFxNPgLxcQgTxB-GxMkFSOucRvAR70k0xQRSro0tL6tngwkFXt2vB9XX0w8XJ59m558_np0cn8-cFFzOnO1Ex53htuGs611vuFKiEXywwjjBrZQAVHCweO5Ub0zP3MA5t663TgE_qN5vddeTXUHvII7ZBL3OfmXyjU7G68eR6Jd6kTZaUEWFalHg8F4gp6sJf69XvjgIwURIU9FUMoGVMkn_A6WyEbKTDNG3f6CXacoRO6EZU51sO8boL2phAmhsbMIS3Z2oPm4pVUy0UiE1_wuFs4eVdynC4PH-UcK7bYLLqZQMw64dtNZ3JtJoIv3TRMi--b1_O_LBNQgcbYFrfOXm30r67Mu3reQt-GrSDg</recordid><startdate>201405</startdate><enddate>201405</enddate><creator>Galvin, Pamela</creator><creator>Gildea, Sarah</creator><creator>Nelly, Maura</creator><creator>Quinlivan, Michelle</creator><creator>Arkins, Sean</creator><creator>Walsh, Cathal</creator><creator>Cullinane, Ann</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</general><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>WIN</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201405</creationdate><title>The evaluation of three diagnostic tests for the detection of equine influenza nucleoprotein in nasal swabs</title><author>Galvin, Pamela ; Gildea, Sarah ; Nelly, Maura ; Quinlivan, Michelle ; Arkins, Sean ; Walsh, Cathal ; Cullinane, Ann</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5435-cb9493ca3b6329dcda3884643fb4ac43b55ee143ebb4a98daad2cf333bcdbc8e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antigens</topic><topic>Diagnosis</topic><topic>Diagnostic systems</topic><topic>Diagnostic tests</topic><topic>Diagnostic Tests, Routine - instrumentation</topic><topic>Diagnostic Tests, Routine - methods</topic><topic>Diagnostic Tests, Routine - veterinary</topic><topic>Eggs</topic><topic>ELISA</topic><topic>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</topic><topic>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - instrumentation</topic><topic>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - methods</topic><topic>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - veterinary</topic><topic>Epidemics</topic><topic>equine influenza</topic><topic>Espline</topic><topic>Horse Diseases - diagnosis</topic><topic>Horses</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Influenza</topic><topic>Laboratories</topic><topic>Laboratory tests</topic><topic>Medical screening</topic><topic>Medical tests</topic><topic>Nose - virology</topic><topic>nucleoprotein Directigen</topic><topic>Original</topic><topic>Orthomyxoviridae Infections - diagnosis</topic><topic>Orthomyxoviridae Infections - veterinary</topic><topic>Quarantine</topic><topic>rapid antigen detection</topic><topic>Reagent Kits, Diagnostic - veterinary</topic><topic>Respiratory diseases</topic><topic>RNA-Binding Proteins - analysis</topic><topic>RNA-Binding Proteins - genetics</topic><topic>Sensitivity</topic><topic>Sensitivity and Specificity</topic><topic>Viral Core Proteins - analysis</topic><topic>Viral Core Proteins - genetics</topic><topic>Viruses</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Galvin, Pamela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gildea, Sarah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nelly, Maura</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Quinlivan, Michelle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arkins, Sean</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Walsh, Cathal</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cullinane, Ann</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley Online Library Open Access</collection><collection>Wiley Online Library</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database (Proquest) (PQ_SDU_P3)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Influenza and other respiratory viruses</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Galvin, Pamela</au><au>Gildea, Sarah</au><au>Nelly, Maura</au><au>Quinlivan, Michelle</au><au>Arkins, Sean</au><au>Walsh, Cathal</au><au>Cullinane, Ann</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The evaluation of three diagnostic tests for the detection of equine influenza nucleoprotein in nasal swabs</atitle><jtitle>Influenza and other respiratory viruses</jtitle><addtitle>Influenza Other Respir Viruses</addtitle><date>2014-05</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>8</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>376</spage><epage>383</epage><pages>376-383</pages><issn>1750-2640</issn><eissn>1750-2659</eissn><abstract>Background
Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of horses.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate two rapid antigen detection kits (Directigen or DFA, and Espline) and a commercial ELISA for the detection of EI nucleoprotein in nasal swabs.
Method
Nasal swab samples from naturally and experimentally infected horses were used to compare the sensitivity and specificity of these assays to virus isolation (VI) and real‐time RT‐PCR.
Results
If real‐time RT‐PCR was considered as the gold standard, the sensitivity of the other tests in field samples was 68% (DFA), 35% (ELISA), 29% (Espline), and 9% (VI). These tests had 100% specificity when compared to real‐time RT‐PCR. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve indicated that decreasing the cutoff of the ELISA would increase sensitivity with some loss of specificity. In samples from experimentally infected horses, the sensitivity of the tests compared with real‐time RT‐PCR was 69% (VI), 27% (DFA), 6% (Espline), and 2% (ELISA). The specificity was 100% for Espline and ELISA and 95% for VI and DFA.
Conclusions
This study illustrated that DFA is the most sensitive antigen detection test evaluated for the diagnosis of EI and that it can detect virus in some subclinical infected and vaccinated horses. The results suggest that DFA is a useful adjunct to laboratory tests and may be effective as a screening test in a quarantine station or similar facility where horses are monitored daily.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</pub><pmid>24512560</pmid><doi>10.1111/irv.12235</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 2014-05, Vol.8 (3), p.376-383 |
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| subjects | Animals Antigens Diagnosis Diagnostic systems Diagnostic tests Diagnostic Tests, Routine - instrumentation Diagnostic Tests, Routine - methods Diagnostic Tests, Routine - veterinary Eggs ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - instrumentation Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - methods Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - veterinary Epidemics equine influenza Espline Horse Diseases - diagnosis Horses Infections Influenza Laboratories Laboratory tests Medical screening Medical tests Nose - virology nucleoprotein Directigen Original Orthomyxoviridae Infections - diagnosis Orthomyxoviridae Infections - veterinary Quarantine rapid antigen detection Reagent Kits, Diagnostic - veterinary Respiratory diseases RNA-Binding Proteins - analysis RNA-Binding Proteins - genetics Sensitivity Sensitivity and Specificity Viral Core Proteins - analysis Viral Core Proteins - genetics Viruses |
| title | The evaluation of three diagnostic tests for the detection of equine influenza nucleoprotein in nasal swabs |
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