Risk Pathways Among Traumatic Stress, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, and Alcohol and Drug Problems: A Test of Four Hypotheses

The present study utilized longitudinal data from a community sample (n = 377; 166 trauma-exposed; 54% males; 73% non-Hispanic Caucasian; 22% Hispanic; 5% other ethnicity) to test whether pretrauma substance use problems increase risk for trauma exposure (high-risk hypothesis) or posttraumatic stres...

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