Health risk assessment of ambient air concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) in service station environments
A comprehensive evaluation of the adverse health effects of human exposures to BTX from service station emissions was carried out using BTX exposure data from the scientific literature. The data was grouped into different scenarios based on activity, location and occupation and plotted as Cumulative...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of environmental research and public health 2014-06, Vol.11 (6), p.6354-6374 |
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| creator | Edokpolo, Benjamin Yu, Qiming Jimmy Connell, Des |
| description | A comprehensive evaluation of the adverse health effects of human exposures to BTX from service station emissions was carried out using BTX exposure data from the scientific literature. The data was grouped into different scenarios based on activity, location and occupation and plotted as Cumulative Probability Distributions (CPD) plots. Health risk was evaluated for each scenario using the Hazard Quotient (HQ) at 50% (CEXP50) and 95% (CEXP95) exposure levels. HQ50 and HQ95 > 1 were obtained with benzene in the scenario for service station attendants and mechanics repairing petrol dispensing pumps indicating a possible health risk. The risk was minimized for service stations using vapour recovery systems which greatly reduced the benzene exposure levels. HQ50 and HQ95 < 1 were obtained for all other scenarios with benzene suggesting minimal risk for most of the exposed population. However, HQ50 and HQ95 < 1 was also found with toluene and xylene for all scenarios, suggesting minimal health risk. The lifetime excess Cancer Risk (CR) and Overall Risk Probability for cancer on exposure to benzene was calculated for all Scenarios and this was higher amongst service station attendants than any other scenario. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ijerph110606354 |
| format | Article |
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The data was grouped into different scenarios based on activity, location and occupation and plotted as Cumulative Probability Distributions (CPD) plots. Health risk was evaluated for each scenario using the Hazard Quotient (HQ) at 50% (CEXP50) and 95% (CEXP95) exposure levels. HQ50 and HQ95 > 1 were obtained with benzene in the scenario for service station attendants and mechanics repairing petrol dispensing pumps indicating a possible health risk. The risk was minimized for service stations using vapour recovery systems which greatly reduced the benzene exposure levels. HQ50 and HQ95 < 1 were obtained for all other scenarios with benzene suggesting minimal risk for most of the exposed population. However, HQ50 and HQ95 < 1 was also found with toluene and xylene for all scenarios, suggesting minimal health risk. The lifetime excess Cancer Risk (CR) and Overall Risk Probability for cancer on exposure to benzene was calculated for all Scenarios and this was higher amongst service station attendants than any other scenario.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-7827</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110606354</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24945191</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Air Pollutants, Occupational - analysis ; Benzene - analysis ; Benzene Derivatives - adverse effects ; Benzene Derivatives - analysis ; Gasoline ; Health risk assessment ; Human exposure ; Humans ; Hydrocarbons ; Neoplasms - chemically induced ; Occupational Exposure - analysis ; Occupational health ; Risk Assessment ; Service stations ; Toluene - analysis ; Xylenes - analysis</subject><ispartof>International journal of environmental research and public health, 2014-06, Vol.11 (6), p.6354-6374</ispartof><rights>Copyright Molecular Diversity Preservation International Jun 2014</rights><rights>2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. 2014</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c454t-679c1118a8a2e9b3edb3c979c7f23f3ce74a2d51826147d486d38e8655d34b573</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c454t-679c1118a8a2e9b3edb3c979c7f23f3ce74a2d51826147d486d38e8655d34b573</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4078583/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4078583/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24945191$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Edokpolo, Benjamin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yu, Qiming Jimmy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Connell, Des</creatorcontrib><title>Health risk assessment of ambient air concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) in service station environments</title><title>International journal of environmental research and public health</title><addtitle>Int J Environ Res Public Health</addtitle><description>A comprehensive evaluation of the adverse health effects of human exposures to BTX from service station emissions was carried out using BTX exposure data from the scientific literature. 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The lifetime excess Cancer Risk (CR) and Overall Risk Probability for cancer on exposure to benzene was calculated for all Scenarios and this was higher amongst service station attendants than any other scenario.</description><subject>Air Pollutants, Occupational - analysis</subject><subject>Benzene - analysis</subject><subject>Benzene Derivatives - adverse effects</subject><subject>Benzene Derivatives - analysis</subject><subject>Gasoline</subject><subject>Health risk assessment</subject><subject>Human exposure</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hydrocarbons</subject><subject>Neoplasms - chemically induced</subject><subject>Occupational Exposure - analysis</subject><subject>Occupational health</subject><subject>Risk Assessment</subject><subject>Service stations</subject><subject>Toluene - analysis</subject><subject>Xylenes - analysis</subject><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><issn>1660-4601</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpdUU1rFTEUDaLYWl27k4CbFnw238lsBC1qhYKbCu5CJnPHl-dM8kxmHr7-ejO-WmoXl3vIPffcHA5CLyl5y3lDzsMG8nZNKVFEcSkeoWOqFFkJRejje_gIPStlQwg3QjVP0RETjZC0ocdofwlumNY4h_ITu1KglBHihFOP3diGBbqQsU_RV5zdFFIsy7SFeAMR3uApDXMF2MUO_94PCzz9cP39DIeIC-Rd8IDL9HcRQ9yFnOJyoTxHT3o3FHhx20_Qt08fry8uV1dfP3-5eH-18kKKaaV04ymlxhnHoGk5dC33TX3UPeM996CFY52khikqdCeM6rgBo6TsuGil5ifo3UF3O7cjdAcbg93mMLq8t8kF-_8khrX9kXZWEG2k4VXg9FYgp18zlMmOoXgYBhchzcVSxZgimmpWqa8fUDdpzrHas1RKyXQtUVnnB5bPqZQM_d1nKLFLrPZBrHXj1X0Pd_x_OfI_7uCg1g</recordid><startdate>20140618</startdate><enddate>20140618</enddate><creator>Edokpolo, Benjamin</creator><creator>Yu, Qiming Jimmy</creator><creator>Connell, Des</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7U1</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20140618</creationdate><title>Health risk assessment of ambient air concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) in service station environments</title><author>Edokpolo, Benjamin ; Yu, Qiming Jimmy ; Connell, Des</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c454t-679c1118a8a2e9b3edb3c979c7f23f3ce74a2d51826147d486d38e8655d34b573</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Air Pollutants, Occupational - analysis</topic><topic>Benzene - analysis</topic><topic>Benzene Derivatives - adverse effects</topic><topic>Benzene Derivatives - analysis</topic><topic>Gasoline</topic><topic>Health risk assessment</topic><topic>Human exposure</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hydrocarbons</topic><topic>Neoplasms - chemically induced</topic><topic>Occupational Exposure - analysis</topic><topic>Occupational health</topic><topic>Risk Assessment</topic><topic>Service stations</topic><topic>Toluene - analysis</topic><topic>Xylenes - analysis</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Edokpolo, Benjamin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yu, Qiming Jimmy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Connell, Des</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>ProQuest_Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>PML(ProQuest Medical Library)</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content (ProQuest)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Risk Abstracts</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>International journal of environmental research and public health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Edokpolo, Benjamin</au><au>Yu, Qiming Jimmy</au><au>Connell, Des</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Health risk assessment of ambient air concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) in service station environments</atitle><jtitle>International journal of environmental research and public health</jtitle><addtitle>Int J Environ Res Public Health</addtitle><date>2014-06-18</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>11</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>6354</spage><epage>6374</epage><pages>6354-6374</pages><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><eissn>1660-4601</eissn><abstract>A comprehensive evaluation of the adverse health effects of human exposures to BTX from service station emissions was carried out using BTX exposure data from the scientific literature. 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| subjects | Air Pollutants, Occupational - analysis Benzene - analysis Benzene Derivatives - adverse effects Benzene Derivatives - analysis Gasoline Health risk assessment Human exposure Humans Hydrocarbons Neoplasms - chemically induced Occupational Exposure - analysis Occupational health Risk Assessment Service stations Toluene - analysis Xylenes - analysis |
| title | Health risk assessment of ambient air concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) in service station environments |
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