DRD2 and DRD4 in relation to regular alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents: Does parenting modify the impact of genetic vulnerability? The TRAILS study
Abstract Aims The aims of the present study were to determine the direct effect of DRD2 and DRD4, as well as their interaction with parenting (i.e. rejection, overprotection and emotional warmth), on the development of regular alcohol and cannabis use in 1192 Dutch adolescents from the general popul...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Drug and alcohol dependence 2011-05, Vol.115 (1), p.35-42 |
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| creator | Creemers, H.E Harakeh, Z Dick, D.M Meyers, J Vollebergh, W.A.M Ormel, J Verhulst, F.C Huizink, A.C |
| description | Abstract Aims The aims of the present study were to determine the direct effect of DRD2 and DRD4, as well as their interaction with parenting (i.e. rejection, overprotection and emotional warmth), on the development of regular alcohol and cannabis use in 1192 Dutch adolescents from the general population. Methods Information was obtained by self-report questionnaires. Perceived rejection, overprotection and emotional warmth were assessed at age 10–12. Regular alcohol and cannabis use were determined at age 15–18 and defined as the consumption of alcohol on 10 or more occasions in the past four weeks, and the use of cannabis on 4 or more occasions in the past four weeks. Models were adjusted for age, sex, parental alcohol or cannabis use, and externalizing behavior. Results Carrying the A1 allele of the DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism, or the 7 repeat DRD4, was not directly related to regular alcohol or cannabis use. In addition, adolescent carriers of these genetic risk markers were not more susceptible to the influence of less optimal parenting. Main effects for parenting indicated that overprotection increased the risk of regular alcohol use, whereas the risk of cannabis use was enhanced by parental rejection and buffered by emotional warmth. Conclusions Our findings do not support an association between DRD2/DRD4 and regular alcohol and cannabis use in adolescents. Given the substance-specific influences of rejection, overprotection and emotional warmth, these parenting factors might be promising candidates for prevention work. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.008 |
| format | Article |
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The TRAILS study</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Access via ScienceDirect (Elsevier)</source><creator>Creemers, H.E ; Harakeh, Z ; Dick, D.M ; Meyers, J ; Vollebergh, W.A.M ; Ormel, J ; Verhulst, F.C ; Huizink, A.C</creator><creatorcontrib>Creemers, H.E ; Harakeh, Z ; Dick, D.M ; Meyers, J ; Vollebergh, W.A.M ; Ormel, J ; Verhulst, F.C ; Huizink, A.C</creatorcontrib><description>Abstract Aims The aims of the present study were to determine the direct effect of DRD2 and DRD4, as well as their interaction with parenting (i.e. rejection, overprotection and emotional warmth), on the development of regular alcohol and cannabis use in 1192 Dutch adolescents from the general population. Methods Information was obtained by self-report questionnaires. Perceived rejection, overprotection and emotional warmth were assessed at age 10–12. Regular alcohol and cannabis use were determined at age 15–18 and defined as the consumption of alcohol on 10 or more occasions in the past four weeks, and the use of cannabis on 4 or more occasions in the past four weeks. Models were adjusted for age, sex, parental alcohol or cannabis use, and externalizing behavior. Results Carrying the A1 allele of the DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism, or the 7 repeat DRD4, was not directly related to regular alcohol or cannabis use. In addition, adolescent carriers of these genetic risk markers were not more susceptible to the influence of less optimal parenting. Main effects for parenting indicated that overprotection increased the risk of regular alcohol use, whereas the risk of cannabis use was enhanced by parental rejection and buffered by emotional warmth. Conclusions Our findings do not support an association between DRD2/DRD4 and regular alcohol and cannabis use in adolescents. Given the substance-specific influences of rejection, overprotection and emotional warmth, these parenting factors might be promising candidates for prevention work.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0376-8716</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-0046</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.008</identifier><identifier>PMID: 21106310</identifier><identifier>CODEN: DADEDV</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Shannon: Elsevier Ireland Ltd</publisher><subject>Addictive behaviors ; Adolescence ; Adolescent ; Adult and adolescent clinical studies ; Alcohol ; Alcohol Drinking - epidemiology ; Alcohol Drinking - genetics ; Alcohol Drinking - psychology ; Alcoholism ; Alcoholism and acute alcohol poisoning ; Biological and medical sciences ; Cannabis ; Child ; DRD2 ; DRD4 ; Environment. Living conditions ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease - epidemiology ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease - genetics ; Gene–environment interaction ; Humans ; Male ; Marijuana Smoking - epidemiology ; Marijuana Smoking - genetics ; Marijuana Smoking - psychology ; Medical sciences ; Netherlands - epidemiology ; Parenting ; Parenting - psychology ; Population Surveillance - methods ; Psychiatry ; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry ; Psychopathology. Psychiatry ; Public health. Hygiene ; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine ; Random Allocation ; Receptors, Dopamine D2 - genetics ; Receptors, Dopamine D4 - genetics ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Toxicology</subject><ispartof>Drug and alcohol dependence, 2011-05, Vol.115 (1), p.35-42</ispartof><rights>Elsevier Ireland Ltd</rights><rights>2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><rights>2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. 2010</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c563t-d949e2354fd3a374b2debc7ed35e9a84a421bc184797d62bd633034799b84c803</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c563t-d949e2354fd3a374b2debc7ed35e9a84a421bc184797d62bd633034799b84c803</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.008$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=24167367$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21106310$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Creemers, H.E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Harakeh, Z</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dick, D.M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meyers, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vollebergh, W.A.M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ormel, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Verhulst, F.C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huizink, A.C</creatorcontrib><title>DRD2 and DRD4 in relation to regular alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents: Does parenting modify the impact of genetic vulnerability? The TRAILS study</title><title>Drug and alcohol dependence</title><addtitle>Drug Alcohol Depend</addtitle><description>Abstract Aims The aims of the present study were to determine the direct effect of DRD2 and DRD4, as well as their interaction with parenting (i.e. rejection, overprotection and emotional warmth), on the development of regular alcohol and cannabis use in 1192 Dutch adolescents from the general population. Methods Information was obtained by self-report questionnaires. Perceived rejection, overprotection and emotional warmth were assessed at age 10–12. Regular alcohol and cannabis use were determined at age 15–18 and defined as the consumption of alcohol on 10 or more occasions in the past four weeks, and the use of cannabis on 4 or more occasions in the past four weeks. Models were adjusted for age, sex, parental alcohol or cannabis use, and externalizing behavior. Results Carrying the A1 allele of the DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism, or the 7 repeat DRD4, was not directly related to regular alcohol or cannabis use. In addition, adolescent carriers of these genetic risk markers were not more susceptible to the influence of less optimal parenting. Main effects for parenting indicated that overprotection increased the risk of regular alcohol use, whereas the risk of cannabis use was enhanced by parental rejection and buffered by emotional warmth. Conclusions Our findings do not support an association between DRD2/DRD4 and regular alcohol and cannabis use in adolescents. Given the substance-specific influences of rejection, overprotection and emotional warmth, these parenting factors might be promising candidates for prevention work.</description><subject>Addictive behaviors</subject><subject>Adolescence</subject><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult and adolescent clinical studies</subject><subject>Alcohol</subject><subject>Alcohol Drinking - epidemiology</subject><subject>Alcohol Drinking - genetics</subject><subject>Alcohol Drinking - psychology</subject><subject>Alcoholism</subject><subject>Alcoholism and acute alcohol poisoning</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Cannabis</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>DRD2</subject><subject>DRD4</subject><subject>Environment. Living conditions</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Genetic Predisposition to Disease - epidemiology</subject><subject>Genetic Predisposition to Disease - genetics</subject><subject>Gene–environment interaction</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Marijuana Smoking - epidemiology</subject><subject>Marijuana Smoking - genetics</subject><subject>Marijuana Smoking - psychology</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Netherlands - epidemiology</subject><subject>Parenting</subject><subject>Parenting - psychology</subject><subject>Population Surveillance - methods</subject><subject>Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Public health. Hygiene</subject><subject>Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine</subject><subject>Random Allocation</subject><subject>Receptors, Dopamine D2 - genetics</subject><subject>Receptors, Dopamine D4 - genetics</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><subject>Toxicology</subject><issn>0376-8716</issn><issn>1879-0046</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNUk1vEzEQtRCIlsBfQL4gTgn2euP1cigqDR-VIiG14Wx57dnEwWun9m6k_Bd-LN4mtMAJy5JnPG_e2PMGIUzJjBLK321nJg5r5bSB3awg99czQsQTdE5FVU8JKflTdE5YxaeiovwMvUhpS_LiNXmOzgpKCWeUnKOfi5tFgZU3OBslth5HcKq3weM-ZHs9OBVxrhQ2wd3jtPJeNTbhIQFWXfBrrExwkDT4Pr3HiwAJ71TMns2xLhjbHnC_AWy7ndI9Di1eg4fearwfnIeY2ZztDx_wKoNWN5fXy1uc-sEcXqJnrXIJXp3OCfr--dPq6ut0-e3L9dXlcqrnnPVTU5c1FGxetoYpVpVNYaDRFRg2h1qJUpUFbTQVZVVXhheN4YwRlr26EaUWhE3QxZF3NzQdmPEjUTm5i7ZT8SCDsvLviLcbuQ57WRIuKBWZ4O2JIIa7AVIvO5v74ZzyEIYkBZ_TmrLc8wkSR6SOIaUI7UMVSuSordzKR23lqO0Yydrm1Nd_vvIh8beYGfDmBFBJK9dG5bVNj7iS8orlPUEfjzjIPd1biDJpC16DsRF0L02w__Oai39ItLPe5ro_4ABpG4bos2aSylRIIm_HWRxHkeYhZJxQ9gtCsN5Q</recordid><startdate>20110501</startdate><enddate>20110501</enddate><creator>Creemers, H.E</creator><creator>Harakeh, Z</creator><creator>Dick, D.M</creator><creator>Meyers, J</creator><creator>Vollebergh, W.A.M</creator><creator>Ormel, J</creator><creator>Verhulst, F.C</creator><creator>Huizink, A.C</creator><general>Elsevier Ireland Ltd</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20110501</creationdate><title>DRD2 and DRD4 in relation to regular alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents: Does parenting modify the impact of genetic vulnerability? The TRAILS study</title><author>Creemers, H.E ; Harakeh, Z ; Dick, D.M ; Meyers, J ; Vollebergh, W.A.M ; Ormel, J ; Verhulst, F.C ; Huizink, A.C</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c563t-d949e2354fd3a374b2debc7ed35e9a84a421bc184797d62bd633034799b84c803</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Addictive behaviors</topic><topic>Adolescence</topic><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult and adolescent clinical studies</topic><topic>Alcohol</topic><topic>Alcohol Drinking - epidemiology</topic><topic>Alcohol Drinking - genetics</topic><topic>Alcohol Drinking - psychology</topic><topic>Alcoholism</topic><topic>Alcoholism and acute alcohol poisoning</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Cannabis</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>DRD2</topic><topic>DRD4</topic><topic>Environment. Living conditions</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Genetic Predisposition to Disease - epidemiology</topic><topic>Genetic Predisposition to Disease - genetics</topic><topic>Gene–environment interaction</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Marijuana Smoking - epidemiology</topic><topic>Marijuana Smoking - genetics</topic><topic>Marijuana Smoking - psychology</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Netherlands - epidemiology</topic><topic>Parenting</topic><topic>Parenting - psychology</topic><topic>Population Surveillance - methods</topic><topic>Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Public health. Hygiene</topic><topic>Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine</topic><topic>Random Allocation</topic><topic>Receptors, Dopamine D2 - genetics</topic><topic>Receptors, Dopamine D4 - genetics</topic><topic>Surveys and Questionnaires</topic><topic>Toxicology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Creemers, H.E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Harakeh, Z</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dick, D.M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meyers, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vollebergh, W.A.M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ormel, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Verhulst, F.C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huizink, A.C</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Drug and alcohol dependence</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Creemers, H.E</au><au>Harakeh, Z</au><au>Dick, D.M</au><au>Meyers, J</au><au>Vollebergh, W.A.M</au><au>Ormel, J</au><au>Verhulst, F.C</au><au>Huizink, A.C</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>DRD2 and DRD4 in relation to regular alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents: Does parenting modify the impact of genetic vulnerability? The TRAILS study</atitle><jtitle>Drug and alcohol dependence</jtitle><addtitle>Drug Alcohol Depend</addtitle><date>2011-05-01</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>115</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>35</spage><epage>42</epage><pages>35-42</pages><issn>0376-8716</issn><eissn>1879-0046</eissn><coden>DADEDV</coden><abstract>Abstract Aims The aims of the present study were to determine the direct effect of DRD2 and DRD4, as well as their interaction with parenting (i.e. rejection, overprotection and emotional warmth), on the development of regular alcohol and cannabis use in 1192 Dutch adolescents from the general population. Methods Information was obtained by self-report questionnaires. Perceived rejection, overprotection and emotional warmth were assessed at age 10–12. Regular alcohol and cannabis use were determined at age 15–18 and defined as the consumption of alcohol on 10 or more occasions in the past four weeks, and the use of cannabis on 4 or more occasions in the past four weeks. Models were adjusted for age, sex, parental alcohol or cannabis use, and externalizing behavior. Results Carrying the A1 allele of the DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism, or the 7 repeat DRD4, was not directly related to regular alcohol or cannabis use. In addition, adolescent carriers of these genetic risk markers were not more susceptible to the influence of less optimal parenting. Main effects for parenting indicated that overprotection increased the risk of regular alcohol use, whereas the risk of cannabis use was enhanced by parental rejection and buffered by emotional warmth. Conclusions Our findings do not support an association between DRD2/DRD4 and regular alcohol and cannabis use in adolescents. Given the substance-specific influences of rejection, overprotection and emotional warmth, these parenting factors might be promising candidates for prevention work.</abstract><cop>Shannon</cop><pub>Elsevier Ireland Ltd</pub><pmid>21106310</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.008</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Addictive behaviors Adolescence Adolescent Adult and adolescent clinical studies Alcohol Alcohol Drinking - epidemiology Alcohol Drinking - genetics Alcohol Drinking - psychology Alcoholism Alcoholism and acute alcohol poisoning Biological and medical sciences Cannabis Child DRD2 DRD4 Environment. Living conditions Female Genetic Predisposition to Disease - epidemiology Genetic Predisposition to Disease - genetics Gene–environment interaction Humans Male Marijuana Smoking - epidemiology Marijuana Smoking - genetics Marijuana Smoking - psychology Medical sciences Netherlands - epidemiology Parenting Parenting - psychology Population Surveillance - methods Psychiatry Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychopathology. Psychiatry Public health. Hygiene Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine Random Allocation Receptors, Dopamine D2 - genetics Receptors, Dopamine D4 - genetics Surveys and Questionnaires Toxicology |
| title | DRD2 and DRD4 in relation to regular alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents: Does parenting modify the impact of genetic vulnerability? The TRAILS study |
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