Synergistic Antimicrobial Action of Chlorhexidine and Ozone in Endodontic Treatment
Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine whether irrigation with sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and ozone gas, alone or in combination, were effective against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans; these are microorganisms frequently isolated from teeth with periapical lesions re...
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| creator | Noites, Rita Pina-Vaz, Cidália Rocha, Rita Carvalho, Manuel Fontes Gonçalves, Acácio Pina-vaz, Irene |
| description | Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine whether irrigation with sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and ozone gas, alone or in combination, were effective against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans; these are microorganisms frequently isolated from teeth with periapical lesions resistant to endodontic treatment. Material and Methods. 220 single root teeth, recently extracted, were inoculated with Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. The formulations tested were sodium hypochlorite at 1, 3, and 5% chlorhexidine at 0.2% and 2% and ozone gas applied for different periods of time. The combination of sodium hypochlorite at 5% and chlorhexidine at 2%, with gaseous ozone, were also assessed. For the most active treatments the mechanism of action was assessed through flow cytometry. Results. Sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and gaseous ozone alone were ineffective in completely eliminating the microorganisms. The association of chlorhexidine at 2% followed by ozone gas for 24 seconds promoted the complete elimination of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. Flow cytometry shows that ozone and chlorhexidine act differently, which could explain its synergic activity. Conclusions. This new disinfection protocol, combining irrigation with chlorhexidine at 2% and ozone gas for 24 seconds, may be advantageous when treating infected root canals. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1155/2014/592423 |
| format | Article |
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The aim of this study was to determine whether irrigation with sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and ozone gas, alone or in combination, were effective against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans; these are microorganisms frequently isolated from teeth with periapical lesions resistant to endodontic treatment. Material and Methods. 220 single root teeth, recently extracted, were inoculated with Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. The formulations tested were sodium hypochlorite at 1, 3, and 5% chlorhexidine at 0.2% and 2% and ozone gas applied for different periods of time. The combination of sodium hypochlorite at 5% and chlorhexidine at 2%, with gaseous ozone, were also assessed. For the most active treatments the mechanism of action was assessed through flow cytometry. Results. Sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and gaseous ozone alone were ineffective in completely eliminating the microorganisms. The association of chlorhexidine at 2% followed by ozone gas for 24 seconds promoted the complete elimination of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. Flow cytometry shows that ozone and chlorhexidine act differently, which could explain its synergic activity. Conclusions. This new disinfection protocol, combining irrigation with chlorhexidine at 2% and ozone gas for 24 seconds, may be advantageous when treating infected root canals.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2314-6133</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2314-6141</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1155/2014/592423</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24982899</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cairo, Egypt: Hindawi Puplishing Corporation</publisher><subject>Anti-Infective Agents - pharmacology ; Antimicrobial agents ; Bacterial infections ; Bacteriology ; Candida albicans ; Candida albicans - drug effects ; Chlorhexidine ; Chlorhexidine - pharmacology ; Cytotoxicity ; Drug Synergism ; Endodontics ; Enterococcus faecalis ; Enterococcus faecalis - drug effects ; Flow Cytometry ; Health aspects ; Heart ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Microorganisms ; Ozone ; Ozone - pharmacology ; Root Canal Therapy ; Sodium Hypochlorite - pharmacology ; Studies</subject><ispartof>BioMed research international, 2014-01, Vol.2014 (2014), p.1-6</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2014 Rita Noites et al.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2014 Rita Noites et al. Rita Noites et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2014 Rita Noites et al. 2014</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c556t-db3448d19349e19581abb41ebd69a3723e4a433b36f8e7f2b6bc34c6c254b0203</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c556t-db3448d19349e19581abb41ebd69a3723e4a433b36f8e7f2b6bc34c6c254b0203</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5885-0724 ; 0000-0002-8497-2186</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4058271/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4058271/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,27922,27923,53789,53791</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24982899$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>de los Reyes-Gavilán, Clara G.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Noites, Rita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pina-Vaz, Cidália</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rocha, Rita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carvalho, Manuel Fontes</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gonçalves, Acácio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pina-vaz, Irene</creatorcontrib><title>Synergistic Antimicrobial Action of Chlorhexidine and Ozone in Endodontic Treatment</title><title>BioMed research international</title><addtitle>Biomed Res Int</addtitle><description>Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine whether irrigation with sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and ozone gas, alone or in combination, were effective against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans; these are microorganisms frequently isolated from teeth with periapical lesions resistant to endodontic treatment. Material and Methods. 220 single root teeth, recently extracted, were inoculated with Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. The formulations tested were sodium hypochlorite at 1, 3, and 5% chlorhexidine at 0.2% and 2% and ozone gas applied for different periods of time. The combination of sodium hypochlorite at 5% and chlorhexidine at 2%, with gaseous ozone, were also assessed. For the most active treatments the mechanism of action was assessed through flow cytometry. Results. Sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and gaseous ozone alone were ineffective in completely eliminating the microorganisms. The association of chlorhexidine at 2% followed by ozone gas for 24 seconds promoted the complete elimination of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. Flow cytometry shows that ozone and chlorhexidine act differently, which could explain its synergic activity. Conclusions. This new disinfection protocol, combining irrigation with chlorhexidine at 2% and ozone gas for 24 seconds, may be advantageous when treating infected root canals.</description><subject>Anti-Infective Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>Antimicrobial agents</subject><subject>Bacterial infections</subject><subject>Bacteriology</subject><subject>Candida albicans</subject><subject>Candida albicans - drug effects</subject><subject>Chlorhexidine</subject><subject>Chlorhexidine - pharmacology</subject><subject>Cytotoxicity</subject><subject>Drug Synergism</subject><subject>Endodontics</subject><subject>Enterococcus faecalis</subject><subject>Enterococcus faecalis - drug effects</subject><subject>Flow Cytometry</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Heart</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</subject><subject>Microorganisms</subject><subject>Ozone</subject><subject>Ozone - pharmacology</subject><subject>Root Canal Therapy</subject><subject>Sodium Hypochlorite - 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pharmacology</topic><topic>Antimicrobial agents</topic><topic>Bacterial infections</topic><topic>Bacteriology</topic><topic>Candida albicans</topic><topic>Candida albicans - drug effects</topic><topic>Chlorhexidine</topic><topic>Chlorhexidine - pharmacology</topic><topic>Cytotoxicity</topic><topic>Drug Synergism</topic><topic>Endodontics</topic><topic>Enterococcus faecalis</topic><topic>Enterococcus faecalis - drug effects</topic><topic>Flow Cytometry</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Heart</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</topic><topic>Microorganisms</topic><topic>Ozone</topic><topic>Ozone - pharmacology</topic><topic>Root Canal Therapy</topic><topic>Sodium Hypochlorite - pharmacology</topic><topic>Studies</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Noites, Rita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pina-Vaz, Cidália</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rocha, Rita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carvalho, Manuel Fontes</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gonçalves, Acácio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pina-vaz, Irene</creatorcontrib><collection>الدوريات العلمية والإحصائية - 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The aim of this study was to determine whether irrigation with sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and ozone gas, alone or in combination, were effective against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans; these are microorganisms frequently isolated from teeth with periapical lesions resistant to endodontic treatment. Material and Methods. 220 single root teeth, recently extracted, were inoculated with Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. The formulations tested were sodium hypochlorite at 1, 3, and 5% chlorhexidine at 0.2% and 2% and ozone gas applied for different periods of time. The combination of sodium hypochlorite at 5% and chlorhexidine at 2%, with gaseous ozone, were also assessed. For the most active treatments the mechanism of action was assessed through flow cytometry. Results. Sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and gaseous ozone alone were ineffective in completely eliminating the microorganisms. The association of chlorhexidine at 2% followed by ozone gas for 24 seconds promoted the complete elimination of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. Flow cytometry shows that ozone and chlorhexidine act differently, which could explain its synergic activity. Conclusions. This new disinfection protocol, combining irrigation with chlorhexidine at 2% and ozone gas for 24 seconds, may be advantageous when treating infected root canals.</abstract><cop>Cairo, Egypt</cop><pub>Hindawi Puplishing Corporation</pub><pmid>24982899</pmid><doi>10.1155/2014/592423</doi><tpages>6</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5885-0724</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8497-2186</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Anti-Infective Agents - pharmacology Antimicrobial agents Bacterial infections Bacteriology Candida albicans Candida albicans - drug effects Chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine - pharmacology Cytotoxicity Drug Synergism Endodontics Enterococcus faecalis Enterococcus faecalis - drug effects Flow Cytometry Health aspects Heart Humans Microbial Sensitivity Tests Microorganisms Ozone Ozone - pharmacology Root Canal Therapy Sodium Hypochlorite - pharmacology Studies |
| title | Synergistic Antimicrobial Action of Chlorhexidine and Ozone in Endodontic Treatment |
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