Community HIV‐1 drug resistance is associated with transmitted drug resistance
Objectives As community viral load (CVL) measurements are associated with the incidence of new HIV‐1 infections in a population, we hypothesized that similarly measured community drug resistance (CDR) could predict the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR). Methods Between 2001 and 2011, t...
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Veröffentlicht in: | HIV medicine 2014-07, Vol.15 (6), p.339-346 |
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creator | Tilghman, MW Pérez‐Santiago, J Osorio, G Little, SJ Richman, DD Mathews, WC Haubrich, RH Smith, DM |
description | Objectives
As community viral load (CVL) measurements are associated with the incidence of new HIV‐1 infections in a population, we hypothesized that similarly measured community drug resistance (CDR) could predict the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR).
Methods
Between 2001 and 2011, the prevalences of HIV‐1 drug resistance for patients with established infection receiving HIV care (i.e. CDR) and TDR in recently infected patients were determined in San Diego. At each position in HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (pro), drug resistance was evaluated both as the overall prevalence of resistance‐associated mutations and by weighting each resistance position to the concurrent viral load of the patient and its proportion to the total viral load of the clinic (CVL). The weighting was the proportion of the CVL associated with patients identified with resistance at each residue. Spearman ranked correlation coefficients were used to determine associations between CDR and TDR.
Results
We analysed 1088 resistance tests for 971 clinic patients and baseline resistance tests for 542 recently infected patients. CDR at positions 30, 46, and 88 in pro was associated with TDR between 2001 and 2011. When CDR was weighted by the viral load of patients, CDR was associated with TDR at position 103 in RT. Each of these associations was corroborated at least once using shorter measurement intervals.
Conclusions
Despite evaluation of a limited percentage of chronically infected patients in San Diego, CDR correlated with TDR at key resistance positions and therefore may be a useful tool with which to predict the prevalence of TDR. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1111/hiv.12122 |
format | Article |
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As community viral load (CVL) measurements are associated with the incidence of new HIV‐1 infections in a population, we hypothesized that similarly measured community drug resistance (CDR) could predict the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR).
Methods
Between 2001 and 2011, the prevalences of HIV‐1 drug resistance for patients with established infection receiving HIV care (i.e. CDR) and TDR in recently infected patients were determined in San Diego. At each position in HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (pro), drug resistance was evaluated both as the overall prevalence of resistance‐associated mutations and by weighting each resistance position to the concurrent viral load of the patient and its proportion to the total viral load of the clinic (CVL). The weighting was the proportion of the CVL associated with patients identified with resistance at each residue. Spearman ranked correlation coefficients were used to determine associations between CDR and TDR.
Results
We analysed 1088 resistance tests for 971 clinic patients and baseline resistance tests for 542 recently infected patients. CDR at positions 30, 46, and 88 in pro was associated with TDR between 2001 and 2011. When CDR was weighted by the viral load of patients, CDR was associated with TDR at position 103 in RT. Each of these associations was corroborated at least once using shorter measurement intervals.
Conclusions
Despite evaluation of a limited percentage of chronically infected patients in San Diego, CDR correlated with TDR at key resistance positions and therefore may be a useful tool with which to predict the prevalence of TDR.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1464-2662</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1468-1293</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12122</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24417811</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England</publisher><subject>Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use ; California - epidemiology ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; Cohort Studies ; Drug Resistance, Viral - genetics ; Female ; genotype ; highly active antiretroviral therapy ; HIV ; HIV Infections - drug therapy ; HIV Infections - epidemiology ; HIV Infections - genetics ; HIV Infections - virology ; HIV Protease - genetics ; HIV-1 - drug effects ; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Prevalence ; RNA, Viral - genetics ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase - genetics ; viral drug resistance ; Viral Load</subject><ispartof>HIV medicine, 2014-07, Vol.15 (6), p.339-346</ispartof><rights>2014 British HIV Association</rights><rights>2014 British HIV Association.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4482-69487ccd7b9ba4c596461b1b0bed039b5dd397ab2b594d6ca2db5d25f0345b243</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4482-69487ccd7b9ba4c596461b1b0bed039b5dd397ab2b594d6ca2db5d25f0345b243</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fhiv.12122$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fhiv.12122$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,1417,1433,27924,27925,45574,45575,46409,46833</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24417811$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Tilghman, MW</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pérez‐Santiago, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Osorio, G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Little, SJ</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Richman, DD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mathews, WC</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Haubrich, RH</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, DM</creatorcontrib><title>Community HIV‐1 drug resistance is associated with transmitted drug resistance</title><title>HIV medicine</title><addtitle>HIV Med</addtitle><description>Objectives
As community viral load (CVL) measurements are associated with the incidence of new HIV‐1 infections in a population, we hypothesized that similarly measured community drug resistance (CDR) could predict the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR).
Methods
Between 2001 and 2011, the prevalences of HIV‐1 drug resistance for patients with established infection receiving HIV care (i.e. CDR) and TDR in recently infected patients were determined in San Diego. At each position in HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (pro), drug resistance was evaluated both as the overall prevalence of resistance‐associated mutations and by weighting each resistance position to the concurrent viral load of the patient and its proportion to the total viral load of the clinic (CVL). The weighting was the proportion of the CVL associated with patients identified with resistance at each residue. Spearman ranked correlation coefficients were used to determine associations between CDR and TDR.
Results
We analysed 1088 resistance tests for 971 clinic patients and baseline resistance tests for 542 recently infected patients. CDR at positions 30, 46, and 88 in pro was associated with TDR between 2001 and 2011. When CDR was weighted by the viral load of patients, CDR was associated with TDR at position 103 in RT. Each of these associations was corroborated at least once using shorter measurement intervals.
Conclusions
Despite evaluation of a limited percentage of chronically infected patients in San Diego, CDR correlated with TDR at key resistance positions and therefore may be a useful tool with which to predict the prevalence of TDR.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Analysis of Variance</subject><subject>Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use</subject><subject>California - epidemiology</subject><subject>CD4 Lymphocyte Count</subject><subject>Cohort Studies</subject><subject>Drug Resistance, Viral - genetics</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>genotype</subject><subject>highly active antiretroviral therapy</subject><subject>HIV</subject><subject>HIV Infections - drug therapy</subject><subject>HIV Infections - epidemiology</subject><subject>HIV Infections - genetics</subject><subject>HIV Infections - virology</subject><subject>HIV Protease - genetics</subject><subject>HIV-1 - drug effects</subject><subject>Human immunodeficiency virus 1</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Mutation</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>RNA, Viral - genetics</subject><subject>RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase - genetics</subject><subject>viral drug resistance</subject><subject>Viral Load</subject><issn>1464-2662</issn><issn>1468-1293</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkctKAzEUhoMo3he-gMxSF9PmcjKXjSDFGwi6ULcht9rIXOpkpqU7H8Fn9ElMOyoqCGaTcPLx8Sc_QgcED0hYw4mbDQgllK6hbQJJFhOas_XVGWKaJHQL7Xj_hDFJWY430RYFIGlGyDa6HdVl2VWuXUSXVw9vL68kMk33GDXWO9_KStvI-Uh6X2snW2uiuWsnUdvIypeuXQ5-4XtoYywLb_c_9l10f352N7qMr28urkan17EGyGic5JClWptU5UqC5nkCCVFEYWUNZrnixrA8lYoqnoNJtKQmzCgfYwZcUWC76KT3TjtVWqNtFUIVYtq4UjYLUUsnft5UbiIe65kAzHkKaRAcfQia-rmzvhWl89oWhaxs3XlBOGBKGQb2D5Tx8P0JLGMd96huau8bO_5KRLBYliVCWWJVVmAPvz_hi_xsJwDDHpi7wi7-NolQXa98B8kFoDg</recordid><startdate>201407</startdate><enddate>201407</enddate><creator>Tilghman, MW</creator><creator>Pérez‐Santiago, J</creator><creator>Osorio, G</creator><creator>Little, SJ</creator><creator>Richman, DD</creator><creator>Mathews, WC</creator><creator>Haubrich, RH</creator><creator>Smith, DM</creator><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201407</creationdate><title>Community HIV‐1 drug resistance is associated with transmitted drug resistance</title><author>Tilghman, MW ; Pérez‐Santiago, J ; Osorio, G ; Little, SJ ; Richman, DD ; Mathews, WC ; Haubrich, RH ; Smith, DM</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4482-69487ccd7b9ba4c596461b1b0bed039b5dd397ab2b594d6ca2db5d25f0345b243</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Analysis of Variance</topic><topic>Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use</topic><topic>California - epidemiology</topic><topic>CD4 Lymphocyte Count</topic><topic>Cohort Studies</topic><topic>Drug Resistance, Viral - genetics</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>genotype</topic><topic>highly active antiretroviral therapy</topic><topic>HIV</topic><topic>HIV Infections - drug therapy</topic><topic>HIV Infections - epidemiology</topic><topic>HIV Infections - genetics</topic><topic>HIV Infections - virology</topic><topic>HIV Protease - genetics</topic><topic>HIV-1 - drug effects</topic><topic>Human immunodeficiency virus 1</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Mutation</topic><topic>Prevalence</topic><topic>RNA, Viral - genetics</topic><topic>RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase - genetics</topic><topic>viral drug resistance</topic><topic>Viral Load</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Tilghman, MW</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pérez‐Santiago, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Osorio, G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Little, SJ</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Richman, DD</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mathews, WC</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Haubrich, RH</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, DM</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>HIV medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Tilghman, MW</au><au>Pérez‐Santiago, J</au><au>Osorio, G</au><au>Little, SJ</au><au>Richman, DD</au><au>Mathews, WC</au><au>Haubrich, RH</au><au>Smith, DM</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Community HIV‐1 drug resistance is associated with transmitted drug resistance</atitle><jtitle>HIV medicine</jtitle><addtitle>HIV Med</addtitle><date>2014-07</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>339</spage><epage>346</epage><pages>339-346</pages><issn>1464-2662</issn><eissn>1468-1293</eissn><abstract>Objectives
As community viral load (CVL) measurements are associated with the incidence of new HIV‐1 infections in a population, we hypothesized that similarly measured community drug resistance (CDR) could predict the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR).
Methods
Between 2001 and 2011, the prevalences of HIV‐1 drug resistance for patients with established infection receiving HIV care (i.e. CDR) and TDR in recently infected patients were determined in San Diego. At each position in HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (pro), drug resistance was evaluated both as the overall prevalence of resistance‐associated mutations and by weighting each resistance position to the concurrent viral load of the patient and its proportion to the total viral load of the clinic (CVL). The weighting was the proportion of the CVL associated with patients identified with resistance at each residue. Spearman ranked correlation coefficients were used to determine associations between CDR and TDR.
Results
We analysed 1088 resistance tests for 971 clinic patients and baseline resistance tests for 542 recently infected patients. CDR at positions 30, 46, and 88 in pro was associated with TDR between 2001 and 2011. When CDR was weighted by the viral load of patients, CDR was associated with TDR at position 103 in RT. Each of these associations was corroborated at least once using shorter measurement intervals.
Conclusions
Despite evaluation of a limited percentage of chronically infected patients in San Diego, CDR correlated with TDR at key resistance positions and therefore may be a useful tool with which to predict the prevalence of TDR.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pmid>24417811</pmid><doi>10.1111/hiv.12122</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Adult Analysis of Variance Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use California - epidemiology CD4 Lymphocyte Count Cohort Studies Drug Resistance, Viral - genetics Female genotype highly active antiretroviral therapy HIV HIV Infections - drug therapy HIV Infections - epidemiology HIV Infections - genetics HIV Infections - virology HIV Protease - genetics HIV-1 - drug effects Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Humans Male Middle Aged Mutation Prevalence RNA, Viral - genetics RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase - genetics viral drug resistance Viral Load |
title | Community HIV‐1 drug resistance is associated with transmitted drug resistance |
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