Development and validation of a bioreactor system for dynamic loading and mechanical characterization of whole human intervertebral discs in organ culture

Abstract Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a common cause of back pain, and attempts to develop therapies are frustrated by lack of model systems that mimic the human condition. Human IVD organ culture models can address this gap, yet current models are limited since vertebral endplates are...

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