Upward-looking L-band FMCW radar for snow cover monitoring
Forecasting snow avalanche danger in mountainous regions is of major importance for the protection of infrastructure in avalanche run-out zones. Inexpensive measurement devices capable of measuring snow height and layer properties in avalanche starting zones may help to improve the quality of risk a...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Cold regions science and technology 2014-07, Vol.103 (100), p.31-40 |
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creator | Okorn, Robert Brunnhofer, Georg Platzer, Thomas Heilig, Achim Schmid, Lino Mitterer, Christoph Schweizer, Jürg Eisen, Olaf |
description | Forecasting snow avalanche danger in mountainous regions is of major importance for the protection of infrastructure in avalanche run-out zones. Inexpensive measurement devices capable of measuring snow height and layer properties in avalanche starting zones may help to improve the quality of risk assessment. We present a low-cost L-band frequency modulated continuous wave radar system (FMCW) in upward-looking configuration. To monitor the snowpack evolution, the radar system was deployed in fall and subsequently was covered by snowfalls. During two winter seasons we recorded reflections from the overlying snowpack. The influence of reflection magnitude and phase to the measured frequency spectra, as well as the influence of signal processing were investigated. We present a method to extract the phase of the reflection coefficients from the phase response of the frequency spectra and their integration into the presentation of the measurement data. The phase information significantly improved the detectability of the temporal evolution of the snow surface reflection. We developed an automated and a semi-automated snow surface tracking algorithm. Results were compared with independently measured snow height from a laser snow-depth sensor and results derived from an upward-looking impulse radar system (upGPR). The semi-automated tracking used the phase information and had an accuracy of about 6 to 8cm for dry-snow conditions, similar to the accuracy of the upGPR, compared to measurements from the laser snow-depth sensor. The percolation of water was observable in the radargrams. Results suggest that the upward-looking FMCW system may be a valuable alternative to conventional snow-depth sensors for locations, where fixed installations above ground are not feasible.
•Snowpack measurement with upward-looking FMCW radar•Method to extract the phase of the reflection coefficients•Include phase into the illustration of the measurement data•Automated and semi-automated snow surface tracking algorithm•Improved snow surface tracking when using the phase of the reflection coefficients |
doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.03.006 |
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•Snowpack measurement with upward-looking FMCW radar•Method to extract the phase of the reflection coefficients•Include phase into the illustration of the measurement data•Automated and semi-automated snow surface tracking algorithm•Improved snow surface tracking when using the phase of the reflection coefficients</description><subject>Earth, ocean, space</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>External geophysics</subject><subject>FMCW</subject><subject>Geophysics. Techniques, methods, instrumentation and models</subject><subject>Lasers</subject><subject>Radar</subject><subject>Reflection</subject><subject>Sensors</subject><subject>Snow</subject><subject>Snow avalanches</subject><subject>Snow stratigraphy</subject><subject>Snow. Ice. 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Techniques, methods, instrumentation and models</topic><topic>Lasers</topic><topic>Radar</topic><topic>Reflection</topic><topic>Sensors</topic><topic>Snow</topic><topic>Snow avalanches</topic><topic>Snow stratigraphy</topic><topic>Snow. Ice. Glaciers</topic><topic>Snowpack</topic><topic>Snowpack monitoring</topic><topic>Surface tracking</topic><topic>Tracking</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Okorn, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brunnhofer, Georg</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Platzer, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heilig, Achim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schmid, Lino</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mitterer, Christoph</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schweizer, Jürg</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eisen, Olaf</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Cold regions science and technology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Okorn, Robert</au><au>Brunnhofer, Georg</au><au>Platzer, Thomas</au><au>Heilig, Achim</au><au>Schmid, Lino</au><au>Mitterer, Christoph</au><au>Schweizer, Jürg</au><au>Eisen, Olaf</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Upward-looking L-band FMCW radar for snow cover monitoring</atitle><jtitle>Cold regions science and technology</jtitle><addtitle>Cold Reg Sci Technol</addtitle><date>2014-07-01</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>103</volume><issue>100</issue><spage>31</spage><epage>40</epage><pages>31-40</pages><issn>0165-232X</issn><eissn>1872-7441</eissn><coden>CRSTDL</coden><abstract>Forecasting snow avalanche danger in mountainous regions is of major importance for the protection of infrastructure in avalanche run-out zones. Inexpensive measurement devices capable of measuring snow height and layer properties in avalanche starting zones may help to improve the quality of risk assessment. We present a low-cost L-band frequency modulated continuous wave radar system (FMCW) in upward-looking configuration. To monitor the snowpack evolution, the radar system was deployed in fall and subsequently was covered by snowfalls. During two winter seasons we recorded reflections from the overlying snowpack. The influence of reflection magnitude and phase to the measured frequency spectra, as well as the influence of signal processing were investigated. We present a method to extract the phase of the reflection coefficients from the phase response of the frequency spectra and their integration into the presentation of the measurement data. The phase information significantly improved the detectability of the temporal evolution of the snow surface reflection. We developed an automated and a semi-automated snow surface tracking algorithm. Results were compared with independently measured snow height from a laser snow-depth sensor and results derived from an upward-looking impulse radar system (upGPR). The semi-automated tracking used the phase information and had an accuracy of about 6 to 8cm for dry-snow conditions, similar to the accuracy of the upGPR, compared to measurements from the laser snow-depth sensor. The percolation of water was observable in the radargrams. Results suggest that the upward-looking FMCW system may be a valuable alternative to conventional snow-depth sensors for locations, where fixed installations above ground are not feasible.
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subjects | Earth, ocean, space Exact sciences and technology External geophysics FMCW Geophysics. Techniques, methods, instrumentation and models Lasers Radar Reflection Sensors Snow Snow avalanches Snow stratigraphy Snow. Ice. Glaciers Snowpack Snowpack monitoring Surface tracking Tracking |
title | Upward-looking L-band FMCW radar for snow cover monitoring |
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