Steroid-like compounds in Chinese medicines promote blood circulation via inhibition of Na^＋/K^＋- ATPase

Aim： To examine if steroid-like compounds found in many Chinese medicinal products conventionally used for the promotion of blood circulation may act as active components via the same molecular mechanism triggered by cardiac glycosides, such as ouabain. Methods： The inhibitory potency of ouabain and the identified steroid-like compounds on Na^＋/K^＋ATPase activity was examined and compared. Molecular modeling was exhibited for the docking of these compounds to Na^＋/K^＋-ATPase. Results： All the examined steroid-like compounds displayed more or less inhibition on Na^＋/K^＋-ATPase, with bufalin （structurally almost equivalent to ouabain） exhibiting significantly higher inhibitory potency than the others. In the pentacyclic triterpenoids examined, ursolic acid and oteanolic acid were moderate inhibitors of Na^＋/K^＋-ATPase, and their inhibitory potency was comparable to that of ginsenoside Rh2. The relatively high inhibitory potency of ursolic acid or oleanolic acid was due to the formation of a hydrogen bond between its carboxyl group and the Ile322 residue in the deep cavity close to two K^＋ binding sites of Na^＋/K^＋＊-ATPase. Moreover, the drastic difference observed in the inhibitory potency of ouabain, bufalin, ginsenoside Rh2, and pentacyclic triterpenoids is ascribed mainly to the number of hydrogen bonds and partially to the strength of hydrophobic interaction between the compounds and residues around the deep cavity of Na^＋/K^＋-ATPase Conclusion： Steroid-like compounds seem to contribute to therapeutic effects of many cardioactive Chinese medicinal products. Chi- nese herbs, such as Prunella vulgaris L, rich in ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and their glycoside derivatives may be adequate sources for cardiac therapy via effective inhibition on Na^＋/K^＋-ATPase.