Acid Resistance in Francisella tularensis
Francisella tularensis, the etiologic agent of tularemia, can survive under acidic conditions. Tularemia can be acquired by several routes, including by ingestion of contaminated food or water. While acid resistance is usually associated with a low oral infective dose (ID), the ID for gastrointestin...
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| description | Francisella tularensis, the etiologic agent of tularemia, can survive under acidic conditions. Tularemia can be acquired by several routes, including by ingestion of contaminated food or water. While acid resistance is usually associated with a low oral infective dose (ID), the ID for gastrointestinal illness is quite high. In this study, four strains of F. tularensis ssp. tularensis (type A) and four strains of F. tularensis ssp. holarctica (type B) were examined for innate acid resistance and the ability to survive in synthetic gastric fluid (SGF) under in vitro conditions similar to passage through the human stomach. Survival for all strains was significantly less in pH 2.5 SGF than in pH 2.5 phosphate‐buffered saline and pH 4.0 SGF. Attenuated strains were consistently less resistant. Type B strains are most often associated with waterborne outbreaks and were examined after storage in natural water. Low‐nutrient preadaptation resulted in increased resistance. Although F. tularensis can persist under certain acidic conditions, it is sensitive to conditions replicating the fasting human stomach. This may help explain the high ID required for gastrointestinal infections.
Four strains of F. tularensis ssp. tularensis (type A) and four strains of F. tularensis ssp. holarctica (type B) were examined for innate acid resistance and the ability to survive in synthetic gastric fluid (SGF). Survival for all strains was significantly less in pH 2.5 SGF than in pH 2.5, phosphate‐buffered saline and pH 4.0 SGF, but low‐nutrient preadaptation of the type B strains in natural water resulted in increased survival. Sensitivity to conditions replicating the fasting human stomach may help explain the high ID required for gastrointestinal infections. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/mbo3.151 |
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Four strains of F. tularensis ssp. tularensis (type A) and four strains of F. tularensis ssp. holarctica (type B) were examined for innate acid resistance and the ability to survive in synthetic gastric fluid (SGF). Survival for all strains was significantly less in pH 2.5 SGF than in pH 2.5, phosphate‐buffered saline and pH 4.0 SGF, but low‐nutrient preadaptation of the type B strains in natural water resulted in increased survival. Sensitivity to conditions replicating the fasting human stomach may help explain the high ID required for gastrointestinal infections.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2045-8827</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2045-8827</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.151</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24399669</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: John Wiley & Sons, Inc</publisher><subject>Acid resistance ; Acids ; Acids - pharmacology ; Bacterial Vaccines ; Disease control ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Etiology ; Food contamination ; Food contamination & poisoning ; Francisella tularensis ; Francisella tularensis - drug effects ; Francisella tularensis - pathogenicity ; Francisella tularensis - physiology ; Gastric Acid ; Gastric fluid ; Genomes ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Infections ; Ingestion ; Original Research ; Outbreaks ; pH effects ; Preservation, Biological ; Replication ; Species Specificity ; Stomach ; Survival ; Tularemia ; Vaccines ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; Virulence ; Water ; Water pollution ; waterborne ; Waterborne diseases</subject><ispartof>MicrobiologyOpen (Weinheim), 2014-02, Vol.3 (1), p.133-138</ispartof><rights>2013 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>2013 The Authors. MicrobiologyOpen published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>2014. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2014 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2014</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4991-62bc0ea6fae39a9c302eccb4fbd6fa47ed6664f4890709897a67d00367f18ce03</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4991-62bc0ea6fae39a9c302eccb4fbd6fa47ed6664f4890709897a67d00367f18ce03</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3937736/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3937736/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,1416,11561,27923,27924,45573,45574,46051,46475,53790,53792</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24399669$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Adcock, Noreen J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morris, Brian J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rice, Eugene W.</creatorcontrib><title>Acid Resistance in Francisella tularensis</title><title>MicrobiologyOpen (Weinheim)</title><addtitle>Microbiologyopen</addtitle><description>Francisella tularensis, the etiologic agent of tularemia, can survive under acidic conditions. Tularemia can be acquired by several routes, including by ingestion of contaminated food or water. While acid resistance is usually associated with a low oral infective dose (ID), the ID for gastrointestinal illness is quite high. In this study, four strains of F. tularensis ssp. tularensis (type A) and four strains of F. tularensis ssp. holarctica (type B) were examined for innate acid resistance and the ability to survive in synthetic gastric fluid (SGF) under in vitro conditions similar to passage through the human stomach. Survival for all strains was significantly less in pH 2.5 SGF than in pH 2.5 phosphate‐buffered saline and pH 4.0 SGF. Attenuated strains were consistently less resistant. Type B strains are most often associated with waterborne outbreaks and were examined after storage in natural water. Low‐nutrient preadaptation resulted in increased resistance. Although F. tularensis can persist under certain acidic conditions, it is sensitive to conditions replicating the fasting human stomach. This may help explain the high ID required for gastrointestinal infections.
Four strains of F. tularensis ssp. tularensis (type A) and four strains of F. tularensis ssp. holarctica (type B) were examined for innate acid resistance and the ability to survive in synthetic gastric fluid (SGF). Survival for all strains was significantly less in pH 2.5 SGF than in pH 2.5, phosphate‐buffered saline and pH 4.0 SGF, but low‐nutrient preadaptation of the type B strains in natural water resulted in increased survival. Sensitivity to conditions replicating the fasting human stomach may help explain the high ID required for gastrointestinal infections.</description><subject>Acid resistance</subject><subject>Acids</subject><subject>Acids - pharmacology</subject><subject>Bacterial Vaccines</subject><subject>Disease control</subject><subject>Drug Resistance, Bacterial</subject><subject>Etiology</subject><subject>Food contamination</subject><subject>Food contamination & poisoning</subject><subject>Francisella tularensis</subject><subject>Francisella tularensis - drug effects</subject><subject>Francisella tularensis - pathogenicity</subject><subject>Francisella tularensis - physiology</subject><subject>Gastric Acid</subject><subject>Gastric fluid</subject><subject>Genomes</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hydrogen-Ion Concentration</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Ingestion</subject><subject>Original Research</subject><subject>Outbreaks</subject><subject>pH effects</subject><subject>Preservation, Biological</subject><subject>Replication</subject><subject>Species Specificity</subject><subject>Stomach</subject><subject>Survival</subject><subject>Tularemia</subject><subject>Vaccines</subject><subject>Vaccines, Attenuated</subject><subject>Virulence</subject><subject>Water</subject><subject>Water pollution</subject><subject>waterborne</subject><subject>Waterborne diseases</subject><issn>2045-8827</issn><issn>2045-8827</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>WIN</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kV1LwzAUhoMobsyBv0AK3uhFZ76WNDfCHE6FyUD0OqRpqhn9mEmr7N-bsjmnYG5yyHl4eE8OAKcIjhCE-KpMazJCY3QA-hjScZwkmB_u1T0w9H4Jw-EQM4qOQQ9TIgRjog8uJ9pm0ZPx1jeq0iayVTRzobLeFIWKmrZQzlShfQKOclV4M9zeA_Ayu32e3sfzxd3DdDKPNRUCxQynGhrFcmWIUEITiI3WKc3TLLxRbjLGGM1pIkIckQiuGM8gJIznKNEGkgG43nhXbVqaTJuqcaqQK2dL5dayVlb-7lT2Tb7WH5IIwjlhQXCxFbj6vTW-kaX1upumMnXrJeIYI06SwA_A-R90WbeuCuNJjAVEY0gZ_hFqV3vvTL4Lg6DsViC7FciwgoCe7Yffgd8fHoB4A3zawqz_FcnHmwXphF8M4Y6B</recordid><startdate>201402</startdate><enddate>201402</enddate><creator>Adcock, Noreen J.</creator><creator>Morris, Brian J.</creator><creator>Rice, Eugene W.</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</general><general>John Wiley & Sons Ltd</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>WIN</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201402</creationdate><title>Acid Resistance in Francisella tularensis</title><author>Adcock, Noreen J. ; Morris, Brian J. ; Rice, Eugene W.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4991-62bc0ea6fae39a9c302eccb4fbd6fa47ed6664f4890709897a67d00367f18ce03</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Acid resistance</topic><topic>Acids</topic><topic>Acids - pharmacology</topic><topic>Bacterial Vaccines</topic><topic>Disease control</topic><topic>Drug Resistance, Bacterial</topic><topic>Etiology</topic><topic>Food contamination</topic><topic>Food contamination & poisoning</topic><topic>Francisella tularensis</topic><topic>Francisella tularensis - drug effects</topic><topic>Francisella tularensis - pathogenicity</topic><topic>Francisella tularensis - physiology</topic><topic>Gastric Acid</topic><topic>Gastric fluid</topic><topic>Genomes</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hydrogen-Ion Concentration</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Ingestion</topic><topic>Original Research</topic><topic>Outbreaks</topic><topic>pH effects</topic><topic>Preservation, Biological</topic><topic>Replication</topic><topic>Species Specificity</topic><topic>Stomach</topic><topic>Survival</topic><topic>Tularemia</topic><topic>Vaccines</topic><topic>Vaccines, Attenuated</topic><topic>Virulence</topic><topic>Water</topic><topic>Water pollution</topic><topic>waterborne</topic><topic>Waterborne diseases</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Adcock, Noreen J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morris, Brian J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rice, Eugene W.</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley-Blackwell Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Wiley Free Content</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>MicrobiologyOpen (Weinheim)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Adcock, Noreen J.</au><au>Morris, Brian J.</au><au>Rice, Eugene W.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Acid Resistance in Francisella tularensis</atitle><jtitle>MicrobiologyOpen (Weinheim)</jtitle><addtitle>Microbiologyopen</addtitle><date>2014-02</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>3</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>133</spage><epage>138</epage><pages>133-138</pages><issn>2045-8827</issn><eissn>2045-8827</eissn><abstract>Francisella tularensis, the etiologic agent of tularemia, can survive under acidic conditions. Tularemia can be acquired by several routes, including by ingestion of contaminated food or water. While acid resistance is usually associated with a low oral infective dose (ID), the ID for gastrointestinal illness is quite high. In this study, four strains of F. tularensis ssp. tularensis (type A) and four strains of F. tularensis ssp. holarctica (type B) were examined for innate acid resistance and the ability to survive in synthetic gastric fluid (SGF) under in vitro conditions similar to passage through the human stomach. Survival for all strains was significantly less in pH 2.5 SGF than in pH 2.5 phosphate‐buffered saline and pH 4.0 SGF. Attenuated strains were consistently less resistant. Type B strains are most often associated with waterborne outbreaks and were examined after storage in natural water. Low‐nutrient preadaptation resulted in increased resistance. Although F. tularensis can persist under certain acidic conditions, it is sensitive to conditions replicating the fasting human stomach. This may help explain the high ID required for gastrointestinal infections.
Four strains of F. tularensis ssp. tularensis (type A) and four strains of F. tularensis ssp. holarctica (type B) were examined for innate acid resistance and the ability to survive in synthetic gastric fluid (SGF). Survival for all strains was significantly less in pH 2.5 SGF than in pH 2.5, phosphate‐buffered saline and pH 4.0 SGF, but low‐nutrient preadaptation of the type B strains in natural water resulted in increased survival. Sensitivity to conditions replicating the fasting human stomach may help explain the high ID required for gastrointestinal infections.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</pub><pmid>24399669</pmid><doi>10.1002/mbo3.151</doi><tpages>6</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Acid resistance Acids Acids - pharmacology Bacterial Vaccines Disease control Drug Resistance, Bacterial Etiology Food contamination Food contamination & poisoning Francisella tularensis Francisella tularensis - drug effects Francisella tularensis - pathogenicity Francisella tularensis - physiology Gastric Acid Gastric fluid Genomes Humans Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Infections Ingestion Original Research Outbreaks pH effects Preservation, Biological Replication Species Specificity Stomach Survival Tularemia Vaccines Vaccines, Attenuated Virulence Water Water pollution waterborne Waterborne diseases |
| title | Acid Resistance in Francisella tularensis |
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