Foreskin cutting beliefs and practices and the acceptability of male circumcision for HIV prevention in Papua New Guinea
Male circumcision (MC) reduces HIV acquisition and is a key public health intervention in settings with high HIV prevalence, heterosexual transmission and low MC rates. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), where HIV prevalence is 0.8%, there is no medical MC program for HIV prevention. There are however many...
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| creator | MacLaren, David Tommbe, Rachael Mafile'o, Tracie Manineng, Clement Fregonese, Federica Redman-MacLaren, Michelle Wood, Michael Browne, Kelwyn Muller, Reinhold Kaldor, John McBride, William John |
| description | Male circumcision (MC) reduces HIV acquisition and is a key public health intervention in settings with high HIV prevalence, heterosexual transmission and low MC rates. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), where HIV prevalence is 0.8%, there is no medical MC program for HIV prevention. There are however many different foreskin cutting practices across the country's 800 language groups. The major form exposes the glans but does not remove the foreskin. This study aimed to describe and quantify foreskin cutting styles, practices and beliefs. It also aimed to assess the acceptability of MC for HIV prevention in PNG.
Cross-sectional multicentre study, at two university campuses (Madang Province and National Capital District) and at two 'rural development' sites (mining site Enga Province; palm-oil plantation in Oro Province). Structured questionnaires were completed by participants originating from all regions of PNG who were resident at each site for study or work.
Questionnaires were completed by 861 men and 519 women. Of men, 47% reported a longitudinal foreskin cut (cut through the dorsal surface to expose the glans but foreskin not removed); 43% reported no foreskin cut; and 10% a circumferential foreskin cut (complete removal). Frequency and type of cut varied significantly by region of origin (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1186/1471-2458-13-818 |
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Cross-sectional multicentre study, at two university campuses (Madang Province and National Capital District) and at two 'rural development' sites (mining site Enga Province; palm-oil plantation in Oro Province). Structured questionnaires were completed by participants originating from all regions of PNG who were resident at each site for study or work.
Questionnaires were completed by 861 men and 519 women. Of men, 47% reported a longitudinal foreskin cut (cut through the dorsal surface to expose the glans but foreskin not removed); 43% reported no foreskin cut; and 10% a circumferential foreskin cut (complete removal). Frequency and type of cut varied significantly by region of origin (p < .001). Most men (72-82%) were cut between the ages of 10-20 years. Longitudinal cuts were most often done in a village by a friend, with circumferential cuts most often done in a clinic by a health professional. Most uncut men (71%) and longitudinal cut men (84%) stated they would remove their foreskin if it reduced the risk of HIV infection. More than 95% of uncut men and 97% of longitudinal cut men would prefer the procedure in a clinic or hospital. Most men (90%) and women (74%) stated they would remove the foreskin of their son if it reduced the risk of HIV infection.
Although 57% of men reported some form of foreskin cut only 10% reported the complete removal of the foreskin, the procedure on which international HIV prevention strategies are based. The acceptability of MC (complete foreskin removal) is high among men (for themselves and their sons) and women (for their sons). Potential MC services need to be responsive to the diversity of beliefs and practices and consider health system constraints. A concerted research effort to investigate the potential protective effects of longitudinal cuts for HIV acquisition is essential given the scale of longitudinal cuts in PNG.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1471-2458</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1471-2458</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-818</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24015786</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: BioMed Central Ltd</publisher><subject>Acquired immune deficiency syndrome ; Adolescent ; AIDS ; Attitude to Health ; Child ; Circumcision ; Circumcision, Male - methods ; Circumcision, Male - statistics & numerical data ; Collaboration ; Colleges & universities ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Cultural Characteristics ; Culture ; Developing Countries ; Disease prevention ; Female ; Foreskin - surgery ; Health aspects ; Health Behavior ; Heterosexuality ; HIV ; HIV infection ; HIV Infections - prevention & control ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Humans ; Male ; Males ; Methods ; Papua New Guinea ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care - statistics & numerical data ; Penis ; Petroleum mining ; Prevention ; Public Health ; Regions ; Religion ; Risk Assessment ; Rural development ; Sexually transmitted diseases ; Social aspects ; Students ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Women ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>BMC public health, 2013-09, Vol.13 (1), p.818-818, Article 818</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2013 BioMed Central Ltd.</rights><rights>2013 MacLaren et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2013 MacLaren et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013 MacLaren et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b584t-69f7f154a27e18c0a2ccffdd5b2623a584b64b76ee873ae6cc188f014da65e5f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b584t-69f7f154a27e18c0a2ccffdd5b2623a584b64b76ee873ae6cc188f014da65e5f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3846639/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3846639/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,27903,27904,53769,53771</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24015786$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>MacLaren, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tommbe, Rachael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mafile'o, Tracie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Manineng, Clement</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fregonese, Federica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Redman-MacLaren, Michelle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wood, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Browne, Kelwyn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Muller, Reinhold</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaldor, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McBride, William John</creatorcontrib><title>Foreskin cutting beliefs and practices and the acceptability of male circumcision for HIV prevention in Papua New Guinea</title><title>BMC public health</title><addtitle>BMC Public Health</addtitle><description>Male circumcision (MC) reduces HIV acquisition and is a key public health intervention in settings with high HIV prevalence, heterosexual transmission and low MC rates. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), where HIV prevalence is 0.8%, there is no medical MC program for HIV prevention. There are however many different foreskin cutting practices across the country's 800 language groups. The major form exposes the glans but does not remove the foreskin. This study aimed to describe and quantify foreskin cutting styles, practices and beliefs. It also aimed to assess the acceptability of MC for HIV prevention in PNG.
Cross-sectional multicentre study, at two university campuses (Madang Province and National Capital District) and at two 'rural development' sites (mining site Enga Province; palm-oil plantation in Oro Province). Structured questionnaires were completed by participants originating from all regions of PNG who were resident at each site for study or work.
Questionnaires were completed by 861 men and 519 women. Of men, 47% reported a longitudinal foreskin cut (cut through the dorsal surface to expose the glans but foreskin not removed); 43% reported no foreskin cut; and 10% a circumferential foreskin cut (complete removal). Frequency and type of cut varied significantly by region of origin (p < .001). Most men (72-82%) were cut between the ages of 10-20 years. Longitudinal cuts were most often done in a village by a friend, with circumferential cuts most often done in a clinic by a health professional. Most uncut men (71%) and longitudinal cut men (84%) stated they would remove their foreskin if it reduced the risk of HIV infection. More than 95% of uncut men and 97% of longitudinal cut men would prefer the procedure in a clinic or hospital. Most men (90%) and women (74%) stated they would remove the foreskin of their son if it reduced the risk of HIV infection.
Although 57% of men reported some form of foreskin cut only 10% reported the complete removal of the foreskin, the procedure on which international HIV prevention strategies are based. The acceptability of MC (complete foreskin removal) is high among men (for themselves and their sons) and women (for their sons). Potential MC services need to be responsive to the diversity of beliefs and practices and consider health system constraints. A concerted research effort to investigate the potential protective effects of longitudinal cuts for HIV acquisition is essential given the scale of longitudinal cuts in PNG.</description><subject>Acquired immune deficiency syndrome</subject><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>AIDS</subject><subject>Attitude to Health</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Circumcision</subject><subject>Circumcision, Male - methods</subject><subject>Circumcision, Male - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Collaboration</subject><subject>Colleges & universities</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Cultural Characteristics</subject><subject>Culture</subject><subject>Developing Countries</subject><subject>Disease prevention</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Foreskin - surgery</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health Behavior</subject><subject>Heterosexuality</subject><subject>HIV</subject><subject>HIV infection</subject><subject>HIV Infections - prevention & control</subject><subject>Human immunodeficiency virus</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Males</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Papua New Guinea</subject><subject>Patient Acceptance of Health Care - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Penis</subject><subject>Petroleum mining</subject><subject>Prevention</subject><subject>Public Health</subject><subject>Regions</subject><subject>Religion</subject><subject>Risk Assessment</subject><subject>Rural development</subject><subject>Sexually transmitted diseases</subject><subject>Social aspects</subject><subject>Students</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><subject>Women</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>1471-2458</issn><issn>1471-2458</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkktv1DAUhSMEoqVlzwpZYtNNSvyMs0GqRn1JFbCAbi3HuZ66JHawk5b-exxNGXVQkZAXsa-_c3RzroviHa6OMZbiI2Y1LgnjssS0lFi-KPa3pZdP9nvFm5RuqwrXkpPXxR5hFea1FPvFr7MQIf1wHpl5mpxfoxZ6BzYh7Ts0Rm0mZ2Bzmm4AaWNgnHTrejc9oGDRoHtAxkUzD8YlFzyyIaKLy-sshjvw01LK9l_1OGv0Ge7R-ew86MPildV9greP34Pi-9npt9VFefXl_HJ1clW2XLKpFI2tLeZMkxqwNJUmxljbdbwlglCdmVawthYAsqYahDFYSlth1mnBgVt6UHza-I5zO0BnckdR92qMbtDxQQXt1O6NdzdqHe4UlUwI2mSD1cagdeEfBrs3JgxqSV4tyStMVR5Mdjl6bCOGnzOkSQ0uGeh77SHMKQt4gznlrPkPlDaEYEJ5Rj_8hd6GOfqc50ItkMj_sKXWeVbKeRtyn2YxVSecMkGYYFWmjp-h8upgcCZ4sC7XdwTVRmBiSCmC3WaCK7U8z-dSeP90GFvBn_dIfwNSvOBF</recordid><startdate>20130909</startdate><enddate>20130909</enddate><creator>MacLaren, David</creator><creator>Tommbe, Rachael</creator><creator>Mafile'o, Tracie</creator><creator>Manineng, Clement</creator><creator>Fregonese, Federica</creator><creator>Redman-MacLaren, Michelle</creator><creator>Wood, Michael</creator><creator>Browne, Kelwyn</creator><creator>Muller, Reinhold</creator><creator>Kaldor, John</creator><creator>McBride, William John</creator><general>BioMed Central Ltd</general><general>BioMed Central</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AN0</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>7U1</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20130909</creationdate><title>Foreskin cutting beliefs and practices and the acceptability of male circumcision for HIV prevention in Papua New Guinea</title><author>MacLaren, David ; Tommbe, Rachael ; Mafile'o, Tracie ; Manineng, Clement ; Fregonese, Federica ; Redman-MacLaren, Michelle ; Wood, Michael ; Browne, Kelwyn ; Muller, Reinhold ; Kaldor, John ; McBride, William John</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b584t-69f7f154a27e18c0a2ccffdd5b2623a584b64b76ee873ae6cc188f014da65e5f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Acquired immune deficiency syndrome</topic><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>AIDS</topic><topic>Attitude to Health</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Circumcision</topic><topic>Circumcision, Male - methods</topic><topic>Circumcision, Male - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Collaboration</topic><topic>Colleges & universities</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Cultural Characteristics</topic><topic>Culture</topic><topic>Developing Countries</topic><topic>Disease prevention</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Foreskin - surgery</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Health Behavior</topic><topic>Heterosexuality</topic><topic>HIV</topic><topic>HIV infection</topic><topic>HIV Infections - prevention & control</topic><topic>Human immunodeficiency virus</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Males</topic><topic>Methods</topic><topic>Papua New Guinea</topic><topic>Patient Acceptance of Health Care - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Penis</topic><topic>Petroleum mining</topic><topic>Prevention</topic><topic>Public Health</topic><topic>Regions</topic><topic>Religion</topic><topic>Risk Assessment</topic><topic>Rural development</topic><topic>Sexually transmitted diseases</topic><topic>Social aspects</topic><topic>Students</topic><topic>Surveys and Questionnaires</topic><topic>Women</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>MacLaren, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tommbe, Rachael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mafile'o, Tracie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Manineng, Clement</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fregonese, Federica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Redman-MacLaren, Michelle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wood, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Browne, Kelwyn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Muller, Reinhold</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaldor, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McBride, William John</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>British Nursing Database</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Engineering Database</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>Risk Abstracts</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>BMC public health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>MacLaren, David</au><au>Tommbe, Rachael</au><au>Mafile'o, Tracie</au><au>Manineng, Clement</au><au>Fregonese, Federica</au><au>Redman-MacLaren, Michelle</au><au>Wood, Michael</au><au>Browne, Kelwyn</au><au>Muller, Reinhold</au><au>Kaldor, John</au><au>McBride, William John</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Foreskin cutting beliefs and practices and the acceptability of male circumcision for HIV prevention in Papua New Guinea</atitle><jtitle>BMC public health</jtitle><addtitle>BMC Public Health</addtitle><date>2013-09-09</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>818</spage><epage>818</epage><pages>818-818</pages><artnum>818</artnum><issn>1471-2458</issn><eissn>1471-2458</eissn><abstract>Male circumcision (MC) reduces HIV acquisition and is a key public health intervention in settings with high HIV prevalence, heterosexual transmission and low MC rates. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), where HIV prevalence is 0.8%, there is no medical MC program for HIV prevention. There are however many different foreskin cutting practices across the country's 800 language groups. The major form exposes the glans but does not remove the foreskin. This study aimed to describe and quantify foreskin cutting styles, practices and beliefs. It also aimed to assess the acceptability of MC for HIV prevention in PNG.
Cross-sectional multicentre study, at two university campuses (Madang Province and National Capital District) and at two 'rural development' sites (mining site Enga Province; palm-oil plantation in Oro Province). Structured questionnaires were completed by participants originating from all regions of PNG who were resident at each site for study or work.
Questionnaires were completed by 861 men and 519 women. Of men, 47% reported a longitudinal foreskin cut (cut through the dorsal surface to expose the glans but foreskin not removed); 43% reported no foreskin cut; and 10% a circumferential foreskin cut (complete removal). Frequency and type of cut varied significantly by region of origin (p < .001). Most men (72-82%) were cut between the ages of 10-20 years. Longitudinal cuts were most often done in a village by a friend, with circumferential cuts most often done in a clinic by a health professional. Most uncut men (71%) and longitudinal cut men (84%) stated they would remove their foreskin if it reduced the risk of HIV infection. More than 95% of uncut men and 97% of longitudinal cut men would prefer the procedure in a clinic or hospital. Most men (90%) and women (74%) stated they would remove the foreskin of their son if it reduced the risk of HIV infection.
Although 57% of men reported some form of foreskin cut only 10% reported the complete removal of the foreskin, the procedure on which international HIV prevention strategies are based. The acceptability of MC (complete foreskin removal) is high among men (for themselves and their sons) and women (for their sons). Potential MC services need to be responsive to the diversity of beliefs and practices and consider health system constraints. A concerted research effort to investigate the potential protective effects of longitudinal cuts for HIV acquisition is essential given the scale of longitudinal cuts in PNG.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>BioMed Central Ltd</pub><pmid>24015786</pmid><doi>10.1186/1471-2458-13-818</doi><tpages>1</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 1471-2458 |
| ispartof | BMC public health, 2013-09, Vol.13 (1), p.818-818, Article 818 |
| issn | 1471-2458 1471-2458 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Springer Nature OA Free Journals; Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Adolescent AIDS Attitude to Health Child Circumcision Circumcision, Male - methods Circumcision, Male - statistics & numerical data Collaboration Colleges & universities Cross-Sectional Studies Cultural Characteristics Culture Developing Countries Disease prevention Female Foreskin - surgery Health aspects Health Behavior Heterosexuality HIV HIV infection HIV Infections - prevention & control Human immunodeficiency virus Humans Male Males Methods Papua New Guinea Patient Acceptance of Health Care - statistics & numerical data Penis Petroleum mining Prevention Public Health Regions Religion Risk Assessment Rural development Sexually transmitted diseases Social aspects Students Surveys and Questionnaires Women Young Adult |
| title | Foreskin cutting beliefs and practices and the acceptability of male circumcision for HIV prevention in Papua New Guinea |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-23T22%3A10%3A32IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Foreskin%20cutting%20beliefs%20and%20practices%20and%20the%20acceptability%20of%20male%20circumcision%20for%20HIV%20prevention%20in%20Papua%20New%20Guinea&rft.jtitle=BMC%20public%20health&rft.au=MacLaren,%20David&rft.date=2013-09-09&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=818&rft.epage=818&rft.pages=818-818&rft.artnum=818&rft.issn=1471-2458&rft.eissn=1471-2458&rft_id=info:doi/10.1186/1471-2458-13-818&rft_dat=%3Cgale_pubme%3EA534624640%3C/gale_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1432212666&rft_id=info:pmid/24015786&rft_galeid=A534624640&rfr_iscdi=true |