Sodium caprate augments the hypoglycemic effect of berberine via AMPK in inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis
► We report the hypoglycemic effect of berberine enhanced by sodium caprate. ► We report AMPK activity increased by berberine treatment. ► We report reduced expression of PEPCK, PGC-1, HNF-4α and FOXO1 by berberine treatment. Berberine (BER), a natural product and active ingredient of genera Berberi...
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| creator | Zhang, Ming Lv, Xiaoyan Li, Jing Meng, Zhaojie Wang, Qiujing Chang, WenGuang Li, Wei Chen, Li Liu, Yanjun |
| description | ► We report the hypoglycemic effect of berberine enhanced by sodium caprate. ► We report AMPK activity increased by berberine treatment. ► We report reduced expression of PEPCK, PGC-1, HNF-4α and FOXO1 by berberine treatment.
Berberine (BER), a natural product and active ingredient of genera Berberis and Coptis, has been demonstrated to possess anti-diabetic activities. However, the poor bioavailability of this agent greatly limits its clinical application. In our previous study, we demonstrated that co-administration of sodium caprate, an absorption enhancer, with BER could significantly increase the bioavailability of BER without any serious mucosal damage. Here, we investigated the effects of BER on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/gluconeogenesis pathway and the effects of sodium caprate on hypoglycemic action of BER. The ability of BER co-administered with sodium caprate to reduce insulin resistance was investigated in diabetic rat model induced by high-fat diet and low dose STZ. Western blot was performed to evaluate effects of BER on AMPK signaling proteins involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis in diabetic rat and HepG2 hepatocytes. BER reduced body weight and caused a significant improvement in glucose tolerance without altering food intake in diabetic rats. Similarly, BER reduced plasma triglycerides and improved insulin action in diabetic rats. BER down-regulated the elevated expressions of gluconeogenesis key enzymes PEPCK and G6Pase, inhibited the translocation of TORC2 from cytoplasm to nucleus and increased AMPK activity in liver tissues. The effect of BER was higher when co-administered with sodium caprate. BER treatment resulted in reduced glucose production in HepG2 hepatocytes. BER increased AMPK activity, reduced the expression of PEPCK, and the nuclear transcription factors PGC-1, HNF-4α and FOXO1. The effect of BER on gluconeogenesis could be partly blocked by AMPK inhibitor, Compound C. BER could suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis in rat model of diabetes at least in part via stimulation of AMPK activity and this action of BER is augmented by sodium caprate. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.mce.2012.08.006 |
| format | Article |
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Berberine (BER), a natural product and active ingredient of genera Berberis and Coptis, has been demonstrated to possess anti-diabetic activities. However, the poor bioavailability of this agent greatly limits its clinical application. In our previous study, we demonstrated that co-administration of sodium caprate, an absorption enhancer, with BER could significantly increase the bioavailability of BER without any serious mucosal damage. Here, we investigated the effects of BER on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/gluconeogenesis pathway and the effects of sodium caprate on hypoglycemic action of BER. The ability of BER co-administered with sodium caprate to reduce insulin resistance was investigated in diabetic rat model induced by high-fat diet and low dose STZ. Western blot was performed to evaluate effects of BER on AMPK signaling proteins involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis in diabetic rat and HepG2 hepatocytes. BER reduced body weight and caused a significant improvement in glucose tolerance without altering food intake in diabetic rats. Similarly, BER reduced plasma triglycerides and improved insulin action in diabetic rats. BER down-regulated the elevated expressions of gluconeogenesis key enzymes PEPCK and G6Pase, inhibited the translocation of TORC2 from cytoplasm to nucleus and increased AMPK activity in liver tissues. The effect of BER was higher when co-administered with sodium caprate. BER treatment resulted in reduced glucose production in HepG2 hepatocytes. BER increased AMPK activity, reduced the expression of PEPCK, and the nuclear transcription factors PGC-1, HNF-4α and FOXO1. The effect of BER on gluconeogenesis could be partly blocked by AMPK inhibitor, Compound C. BER could suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis in rat model of diabetes at least in part via stimulation of AMPK activity and this action of BER is augmented by sodium caprate.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0303-7207</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1872-8057</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.08.006</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22922125</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Ireland: Elsevier Ireland Ltd</publisher><subject>active ingredients ; Adenylate Kinase - metabolism ; AMP-activated protein kinase ; animal models ; Animals ; Area Under Curve ; Berberine ; Berberine - pharmacology ; Berberine - therapeutic use ; Berberis ; bioavailability ; Blood Glucose ; body weight ; Coptis ; cytoplasm ; Decanoic Acids - pharmacology ; Decanoic Acids - therapeutic use ; Diabetes ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - drug therapy ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - enzymology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - metabolism ; Drug Synergism ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; food intake ; Gene Expression - drug effects ; gluconeogenesis ; Gluconeogenesis - drug effects ; glucose ; Glucose - metabolism ; glucose tolerance ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Glucose-6-Phosphatase - genetics ; Glucose-6-Phosphatase - metabolism ; glycemic effect ; Hep G2 Cells ; Hepatic gluconeogenesis ; hepatocytes ; high fat diet ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents - pharmacology ; Hypoglycemic Agents - therapeutic use ; insulin ; insulin resistance ; Lipid Metabolism - drug effects ; liver ; Liver - drug effects ; Liver - enzymology ; Liver - metabolism ; Male ; Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 ; Metabolic syndrome ; Multiprotein Complexes - metabolism ; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha ; Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) - genetics ; Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) - metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; proteins ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; RNA-Binding Proteins - metabolism ; Sodium caprate ; tissues ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases - metabolism ; transcription factors ; Transcription Factors - metabolism ; triacylglycerols ; Western blotting</subject><ispartof>Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 2012-11, Vol.363 (1-2), p.122-130</ispartof><rights>2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd</rights><rights>Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><rights>2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. 2012</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c574t-8e1e12bfe8a5b5d2898ad68b188b683b3fa6c0c5219275a3ec758d5fa717cbe23</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c574t-8e1e12bfe8a5b5d2898ad68b188b683b3fa6c0c5219275a3ec758d5fa717cbe23</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0303720712003875$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,3537,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22922125$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Ming</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lv, Xiaoyan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Jing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meng, Zhaojie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Qiujing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chang, WenGuang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Wei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Li</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Yanjun</creatorcontrib><title>Sodium caprate augments the hypoglycemic effect of berberine via AMPK in inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis</title><title>Molecular and cellular endocrinology</title><addtitle>Mol Cell Endocrinol</addtitle><description>► We report the hypoglycemic effect of berberine enhanced by sodium caprate. ► We report AMPK activity increased by berberine treatment. ► We report reduced expression of PEPCK, PGC-1, HNF-4α and FOXO1 by berberine treatment.
Berberine (BER), a natural product and active ingredient of genera Berberis and Coptis, has been demonstrated to possess anti-diabetic activities. However, the poor bioavailability of this agent greatly limits its clinical application. In our previous study, we demonstrated that co-administration of sodium caprate, an absorption enhancer, with BER could significantly increase the bioavailability of BER without any serious mucosal damage. Here, we investigated the effects of BER on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/gluconeogenesis pathway and the effects of sodium caprate on hypoglycemic action of BER. The ability of BER co-administered with sodium caprate to reduce insulin resistance was investigated in diabetic rat model induced by high-fat diet and low dose STZ. Western blot was performed to evaluate effects of BER on AMPK signaling proteins involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis in diabetic rat and HepG2 hepatocytes. BER reduced body weight and caused a significant improvement in glucose tolerance without altering food intake in diabetic rats. Similarly, BER reduced plasma triglycerides and improved insulin action in diabetic rats. BER down-regulated the elevated expressions of gluconeogenesis key enzymes PEPCK and G6Pase, inhibited the translocation of TORC2 from cytoplasm to nucleus and increased AMPK activity in liver tissues. The effect of BER was higher when co-administered with sodium caprate. BER treatment resulted in reduced glucose production in HepG2 hepatocytes. BER increased AMPK activity, reduced the expression of PEPCK, and the nuclear transcription factors PGC-1, HNF-4α and FOXO1. The effect of BER on gluconeogenesis could be partly blocked by AMPK inhibitor, Compound C. BER could suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis in rat model of diabetes at least in part via stimulation of AMPK activity and this action of BER is augmented by sodium caprate.</description><subject>active ingredients</subject><subject>Adenylate Kinase - metabolism</subject><subject>AMP-activated protein kinase</subject><subject>animal models</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Area Under Curve</subject><subject>Berberine</subject><subject>Berberine - pharmacology</subject><subject>Berberine - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Berberis</subject><subject>bioavailability</subject><subject>Blood Glucose</subject><subject>body weight</subject><subject>Coptis</subject><subject>cytoplasm</subject><subject>Decanoic Acids - pharmacology</subject><subject>Decanoic Acids - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Diabetes</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - drug therapy</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - enzymology</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - metabolism</subject><subject>Drug Synergism</subject><subject>Drug Therapy, Combination</subject><subject>food intake</subject><subject>Gene Expression - drug effects</subject><subject>gluconeogenesis</subject><subject>Gluconeogenesis - drug effects</subject><subject>glucose</subject><subject>Glucose - metabolism</subject><subject>glucose tolerance</subject><subject>Glucose Tolerance Test</subject><subject>Glucose-6-Phosphatase - genetics</subject><subject>Glucose-6-Phosphatase - metabolism</subject><subject>glycemic effect</subject><subject>Hep G2 Cells</subject><subject>Hepatic gluconeogenesis</subject><subject>hepatocytes</subject><subject>high fat diet</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypoglycemic Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>Hypoglycemic Agents - therapeutic use</subject><subject>insulin</subject><subject>insulin resistance</subject><subject>Lipid Metabolism - drug effects</subject><subject>liver</subject><subject>Liver - drug effects</subject><subject>Liver - enzymology</subject><subject>Liver - metabolism</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2</subject><subject>Metabolic syndrome</subject><subject>Multiprotein Complexes - metabolism</subject><subject>Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha</subject><subject>Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) - genetics</subject><subject>Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) - metabolism</subject><subject>Phosphorylation</subject><subject>Protein Processing, Post-Translational</subject><subject>proteins</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Rats, Wistar</subject><subject>RNA-Binding Proteins - metabolism</subject><subject>Sodium caprate</subject><subject>tissues</subject><subject>TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases - metabolism</subject><subject>transcription factors</subject><subject>Transcription Factors - metabolism</subject><subject>triacylglycerols</subject><subject>Western blotting</subject><issn>0303-7207</issn><issn>1872-8057</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kV2L1TAQhoMo7nH1B3ijufSmdZI2TYogLItfuKKw7nVI02mbY9t0k_bA-fdmOeuiN8JALvLMm5k8hLxkkDNg1dt9PlnMOTCeg8oBqkdkx5TkmQIhH5MdFFBkkoM8I89i3AOAFFw9JWec15wzLnbk17Vv3TZRa5ZgVqRm6yec10jXAelwXHw_Hi1OzlLsOrQr9R1tMKRyM9KDM_Ti24-v1M2pBte41c09HXAxa2rpx836GX2PM0YXn5MnnRkjvrg_z8nNxw8_Lz9nV98_fbm8uMqskOWaKWTIeNOhMqIRLVe1Mm2lGqZUU6miKTpTWbCCs5pLYQq0UqhWdEYyaRvkxTl5f8pdtmbC1qZ9ghn1EtxkwlF74_S_N7MbdO8PupC1qJhIAW_uA4K_3TCuenLR4jiatMwWNavqslRc8DKh7ITa4GMM2D08w0DfSdJ7nSTpO0kalE6SUs-rv-d76PhjJQGvT0BnvDZ9cFHfXKcEAcAUYyUk4t2JwPSPB4dBR-twtti6kCzp1rv_DPAbW5SuPw</recordid><startdate>20121105</startdate><enddate>20121105</enddate><creator>Zhang, Ming</creator><creator>Lv, Xiaoyan</creator><creator>Li, Jing</creator><creator>Meng, Zhaojie</creator><creator>Wang, Qiujing</creator><creator>Chang, WenGuang</creator><creator>Li, Wei</creator><creator>Chen, Li</creator><creator>Liu, Yanjun</creator><general>Elsevier Ireland Ltd</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20121105</creationdate><title>Sodium caprate augments the hypoglycemic effect of berberine via AMPK in inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis</title><author>Zhang, Ming ; Lv, Xiaoyan ; Li, Jing ; Meng, Zhaojie ; Wang, Qiujing ; Chang, WenGuang ; Li, Wei ; Chen, Li ; Liu, Yanjun</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c574t-8e1e12bfe8a5b5d2898ad68b188b683b3fa6c0c5219275a3ec758d5fa717cbe23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>active ingredients</topic><topic>Adenylate Kinase - metabolism</topic><topic>AMP-activated protein kinase</topic><topic>animal models</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Area Under Curve</topic><topic>Berberine</topic><topic>Berberine - pharmacology</topic><topic>Berberine - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Berberis</topic><topic>bioavailability</topic><topic>Blood Glucose</topic><topic>body weight</topic><topic>Coptis</topic><topic>cytoplasm</topic><topic>Decanoic Acids - pharmacology</topic><topic>Decanoic Acids - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Diabetes</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - drug therapy</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - enzymology</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - metabolism</topic><topic>Drug Synergism</topic><topic>Drug Therapy, Combination</topic><topic>food intake</topic><topic>Gene Expression - drug effects</topic><topic>gluconeogenesis</topic><topic>Gluconeogenesis - drug effects</topic><topic>glucose</topic><topic>Glucose - metabolism</topic><topic>glucose tolerance</topic><topic>Glucose Tolerance Test</topic><topic>Glucose-6-Phosphatase - genetics</topic><topic>Glucose-6-Phosphatase - metabolism</topic><topic>glycemic effect</topic><topic>Hep G2 Cells</topic><topic>Hepatic gluconeogenesis</topic><topic>hepatocytes</topic><topic>high fat diet</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hypoglycemic Agents - pharmacology</topic><topic>Hypoglycemic Agents - therapeutic use</topic><topic>insulin</topic><topic>insulin resistance</topic><topic>Lipid Metabolism - drug effects</topic><topic>liver</topic><topic>Liver - drug effects</topic><topic>Liver - enzymology</topic><topic>Liver - metabolism</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2</topic><topic>Metabolic syndrome</topic><topic>Multiprotein Complexes - metabolism</topic><topic>Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha</topic><topic>Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) - genetics</topic><topic>Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) - metabolism</topic><topic>Phosphorylation</topic><topic>Protein Processing, Post-Translational</topic><topic>proteins</topic><topic>Rats</topic><topic>Rats, Wistar</topic><topic>RNA-Binding Proteins - metabolism</topic><topic>Sodium caprate</topic><topic>tissues</topic><topic>TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases - metabolism</topic><topic>transcription factors</topic><topic>Transcription Factors - metabolism</topic><topic>triacylglycerols</topic><topic>Western blotting</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Ming</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lv, Xiaoyan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Jing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meng, Zhaojie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Qiujing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chang, WenGuang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Wei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Li</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Yanjun</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Molecular and cellular endocrinology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zhang, Ming</au><au>Lv, Xiaoyan</au><au>Li, Jing</au><au>Meng, Zhaojie</au><au>Wang, Qiujing</au><au>Chang, WenGuang</au><au>Li, Wei</au><au>Chen, Li</au><au>Liu, Yanjun</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Sodium caprate augments the hypoglycemic effect of berberine via AMPK in inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis</atitle><jtitle>Molecular and cellular endocrinology</jtitle><addtitle>Mol Cell Endocrinol</addtitle><date>2012-11-05</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>363</volume><issue>1-2</issue><spage>122</spage><epage>130</epage><pages>122-130</pages><issn>0303-7207</issn><eissn>1872-8057</eissn><abstract>► We report the hypoglycemic effect of berberine enhanced by sodium caprate. ► We report AMPK activity increased by berberine treatment. ► We report reduced expression of PEPCK, PGC-1, HNF-4α and FOXO1 by berberine treatment.
Berberine (BER), a natural product and active ingredient of genera Berberis and Coptis, has been demonstrated to possess anti-diabetic activities. However, the poor bioavailability of this agent greatly limits its clinical application. In our previous study, we demonstrated that co-administration of sodium caprate, an absorption enhancer, with BER could significantly increase the bioavailability of BER without any serious mucosal damage. Here, we investigated the effects of BER on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/gluconeogenesis pathway and the effects of sodium caprate on hypoglycemic action of BER. The ability of BER co-administered with sodium caprate to reduce insulin resistance was investigated in diabetic rat model induced by high-fat diet and low dose STZ. Western blot was performed to evaluate effects of BER on AMPK signaling proteins involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis in diabetic rat and HepG2 hepatocytes. BER reduced body weight and caused a significant improvement in glucose tolerance without altering food intake in diabetic rats. Similarly, BER reduced plasma triglycerides and improved insulin action in diabetic rats. BER down-regulated the elevated expressions of gluconeogenesis key enzymes PEPCK and G6Pase, inhibited the translocation of TORC2 from cytoplasm to nucleus and increased AMPK activity in liver tissues. The effect of BER was higher when co-administered with sodium caprate. BER treatment resulted in reduced glucose production in HepG2 hepatocytes. BER increased AMPK activity, reduced the expression of PEPCK, and the nuclear transcription factors PGC-1, HNF-4α and FOXO1. The effect of BER on gluconeogenesis could be partly blocked by AMPK inhibitor, Compound C. BER could suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis in rat model of diabetes at least in part via stimulation of AMPK activity and this action of BER is augmented by sodium caprate.</abstract><cop>Ireland</cop><pub>Elsevier Ireland Ltd</pub><pmid>22922125</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.mce.2012.08.006</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | active ingredients Adenylate Kinase - metabolism AMP-activated protein kinase animal models Animals Area Under Curve Berberine Berberine - pharmacology Berberine - therapeutic use Berberis bioavailability Blood Glucose body weight Coptis cytoplasm Decanoic Acids - pharmacology Decanoic Acids - therapeutic use Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - drug therapy Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - enzymology Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental - metabolism Drug Synergism Drug Therapy, Combination food intake Gene Expression - drug effects gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis - drug effects glucose Glucose - metabolism glucose tolerance Glucose Tolerance Test Glucose-6-Phosphatase - genetics Glucose-6-Phosphatase - metabolism glycemic effect Hep G2 Cells Hepatic gluconeogenesis hepatocytes high fat diet Humans Hypoglycemic Agents - pharmacology Hypoglycemic Agents - therapeutic use insulin insulin resistance Lipid Metabolism - drug effects liver Liver - drug effects Liver - enzymology Liver - metabolism Male Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 Metabolic syndrome Multiprotein Complexes - metabolism Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) - genetics Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) - metabolism Phosphorylation Protein Processing, Post-Translational proteins Rats Rats, Wistar RNA-Binding Proteins - metabolism Sodium caprate tissues TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases - metabolism transcription factors Transcription Factors - metabolism triacylglycerols Western blotting |
| title | Sodium caprate augments the hypoglycemic effect of berberine via AMPK in inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis |
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