Light levels, refractive development, and myopia – A speculative review
Recent epidemiological evidence in children indicates that time spent outdoors is protective against myopia. Studies in animal models (chick, macaque, tree shrew) have found that light levels (similar to being in the shade outdoors) that are mildly elevated compared to indoor levels, slow form-depri...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Experimental eye research 2013-09, Vol.114, p.48-57 |
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| creator | Norton, Thomas T. Siegwart, John T. |
| description | Recent epidemiological evidence in children indicates that time spent outdoors is protective against myopia. Studies in animal models (chick, macaque, tree shrew) have found that light levels (similar to being in the shade outdoors) that are mildly elevated compared to indoor levels, slow form-deprivation myopia and (in chick and tree shrew) lens-induced myopia. Normal chicks raised in low light levels (50 lux) with a circadian light on/off cycle often develop spontaneous myopia. We propose a model in which the ambient illuminance levels produce a continuum of effects on normal refractive development and the response to myopiagenic stimuli such that low light levels favor myopia development and elevated levels are protective. Among possible mechanisms, elevation of retinal dopamine activity seems the most likely. Inputs from intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) at elevated light levels may be involved, providing additional activation of retinal dopaminergic pathways.
•Reviews effects of outdoor light levels on human refractive development and myopia.•Reviews effects of light levels on animal models of refractive development.•Examines possible mechanisms for the effect of illuminance on refraction.•Proposes a model of how elevated illuminance may act via dopaminergic pathways. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.exer.2013.05.004 |
| format | Article |
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•Reviews effects of outdoor light levels on human refractive development and myopia.•Reviews effects of light levels on animal models of refractive development.•Examines possible mechanisms for the effect of illuminance on refraction.•Proposes a model of how elevated illuminance may act via dopaminergic pathways.</description><subject>animal models</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>dopamine</subject><subject>Dopamine - metabolism</subject><subject>form-deprivation myopia</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>illuminance</subject><subject>lens-induced myopia</subject><subject>Light</subject><subject>Models, Animal</subject><subject>myopia</subject><subject>Myopia - etiology</subject><subject>Myopia - metabolism</subject><subject>Myopia - prevention & control</subject><subject>Radiotherapy Dosage</subject><subject>Refraction, Ocular - radiation effects</subject><subject>refractive development</subject><subject>Retina - metabolism</subject><subject>Retina - radiation effects</subject><issn>0014-4835</issn><issn>1096-0007</issn><issn>1096-0007</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kc1O3DAUha2qqAy0L9BFlWUXJFz_JbGEkBAqP9JIbOja8tg34FH-amcG2PUd-oZ9EhyGonbTlaXr7557dA4hnykUFGh5vC7wEUPBgPICZAEg3pEFBVXmAFC9JwsAKnJRc7lPDmJcpykXlfhA9hkv66QAC3K99Hf3U9biFtt4lAVsgrGT32Lm5tEwdthPR5npXdY9DaM32e-fv7KzLI5oN615IQNuPT58JHuNaSN-en0PyfeLb7fnV_ny5vL6_GyZWyHllAsGaqUoBSYqNA4pbRBdxWuqXONssi-pKWvHVKW4E1YyJaBZSXCyYY2S_JCc7nTHzapDZ5O_YFo9Bt-Z8KQH4_W_P72_13fDVvNKsFLxJPD1VSAMPzYYJ935aLFtTY_DJmqaLFJZl6pMKNuhNgwxpnDezlDQcwd6recO9NyBBqlTB2npy98G31b-hJ6Akx2QIp-jCzpaj71F5wPaSbvB_0__Gdb-mZI</recordid><startdate>20130901</startdate><enddate>20130901</enddate><creator>Norton, Thomas T.</creator><creator>Siegwart, John T.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20130901</creationdate><title>Light levels, refractive development, and myopia – A speculative review</title><author>Norton, Thomas T. ; Siegwart, John T.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c455t-4209b9110247eade11feed73819dfdc10951a68d29793d4c52940fb50d5f2f953</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>animal models</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>dopamine</topic><topic>Dopamine - metabolism</topic><topic>form-deprivation myopia</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>illuminance</topic><topic>lens-induced myopia</topic><topic>Light</topic><topic>Models, Animal</topic><topic>myopia</topic><topic>Myopia - etiology</topic><topic>Myopia - metabolism</topic><topic>Myopia - prevention & control</topic><topic>Radiotherapy Dosage</topic><topic>Refraction, Ocular - radiation effects</topic><topic>refractive development</topic><topic>Retina - metabolism</topic><topic>Retina - radiation effects</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Norton, Thomas T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siegwart, John T.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Experimental eye research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Norton, Thomas T.</au><au>Siegwart, John T.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Light levels, refractive development, and myopia – A speculative review</atitle><jtitle>Experimental eye research</jtitle><addtitle>Exp Eye Res</addtitle><date>2013-09-01</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>114</volume><spage>48</spage><epage>57</epage><pages>48-57</pages><issn>0014-4835</issn><issn>1096-0007</issn><eissn>1096-0007</eissn><abstract>Recent epidemiological evidence in children indicates that time spent outdoors is protective against myopia. 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| ispartof | Experimental eye research, 2013-09, Vol.114, p.48-57 |
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| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | animal models Animals dopamine Dopamine - metabolism form-deprivation myopia Humans illuminance lens-induced myopia Light Models, Animal myopia Myopia - etiology Myopia - metabolism Myopia - prevention & control Radiotherapy Dosage Refraction, Ocular - radiation effects refractive development Retina - metabolism Retina - radiation effects |
| title | Light levels, refractive development, and myopia – A speculative review |
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