HIV-associated chronic immune activation
Summary Systemic chronic immune activation is considered today as the driving force of CD4+ T‐cell depletion and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A residual chronic immune activation persists even in HIV‐infected patients in which viral replication is successfully inhibited by anti‐retrovi...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Immunological reviews 2013-07, Vol.254 (1), p.78-101 |
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| container_title | Immunological reviews |
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| creator | Paiardini, Mirko Müller-Trutwin, Michaela |
| description | Summary
Systemic chronic immune activation is considered today as the driving force of CD4+ T‐cell depletion and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A residual chronic immune activation persists even in HIV‐infected patients in which viral replication is successfully inhibited by anti‐retroviral therapy, with the extent of this residual immune activation being associated with CD4+ T‐cell loss. Unfortunately, the causal link between chronic immune activation and CD4+ T‐cell loss has not been formally established. This article provides first a brief historical overview on how the perception of the causative role of immune activation has changed over the years and lists the different kinds of immune activation characteristic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The mechanisms proposed to explain the chronic immune activation are multiple and are enumerated here, as well as the mechanisms proposed on how chronic immune activation could lead to AIDS. In addition, we summarize the lessons learned from natural hosts that know how to ‘show AIDS the door’, and discuss how these studies informed the design of novel immune modulatory interventions that are currently being tested. Finally, we review the current approaches aimed at targeting chronic immune activation and evoke future perspectives. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/imr.12079 |
| format | Article |
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Systemic chronic immune activation is considered today as the driving force of CD4+ T‐cell depletion and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A residual chronic immune activation persists even in HIV‐infected patients in which viral replication is successfully inhibited by anti‐retroviral therapy, with the extent of this residual immune activation being associated with CD4+ T‐cell loss. Unfortunately, the causal link between chronic immune activation and CD4+ T‐cell loss has not been formally established. This article provides first a brief historical overview on how the perception of the causative role of immune activation has changed over the years and lists the different kinds of immune activation characteristic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The mechanisms proposed to explain the chronic immune activation are multiple and are enumerated here, as well as the mechanisms proposed on how chronic immune activation could lead to AIDS. In addition, we summarize the lessons learned from natural hosts that know how to ‘show AIDS the door’, and discuss how these studies informed the design of novel immune modulatory interventions that are currently being tested. Finally, we review the current approaches aimed at targeting chronic immune activation and evoke future perspectives.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0105-2896</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1600-065X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1600-065X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/imr.12079</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23772616</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - virology ; HIV ; HIV Infections - immunology ; HIV Infections - virology ; HIV-1 - immunology ; HIV-1 - metabolism ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Humans ; immune activation ; Immunology ; inflammation ; Life Sciences ; Lymphocyte Activation - immunology ; Lymphocyte Depletion ; Lymphoid Tissue - immunology ; Lymphoid Tissue - virology ; Microbiology and Parasitology ; natural hosts ; pathogenesis ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - immunology ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - virology ; SIV ; Viral Proteins - immunology ; Virology ; Virus Replication</subject><ispartof>Immunological reviews, 2013-07, Vol.254 (1), p.78-101</ispartof><rights>2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd</rights><rights>2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5909-3dc8d95bb68c0df398aec8ddfbf4d17911ddabd88a1785aac790594e25d127bd3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5909-3dc8d95bb68c0df398aec8ddfbf4d17911ddabd88a1785aac790594e25d127bd3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-3854-2396</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fimr.12079$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fimr.12079$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,1411,27901,27902,45550,45551</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23772616$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://pasteur.hal.science/pasteur-02017999$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Paiardini, Mirko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Müller-Trutwin, Michaela</creatorcontrib><title>HIV-associated chronic immune activation</title><title>Immunological reviews</title><addtitle>Immunol Rev</addtitle><description>Summary
Systemic chronic immune activation is considered today as the driving force of CD4+ T‐cell depletion and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A residual chronic immune activation persists even in HIV‐infected patients in which viral replication is successfully inhibited by anti‐retroviral therapy, with the extent of this residual immune activation being associated with CD4+ T‐cell loss. Unfortunately, the causal link between chronic immune activation and CD4+ T‐cell loss has not been formally established. This article provides first a brief historical overview on how the perception of the causative role of immune activation has changed over the years and lists the different kinds of immune activation characteristic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The mechanisms proposed to explain the chronic immune activation are multiple and are enumerated here, as well as the mechanisms proposed on how chronic immune activation could lead to AIDS. In addition, we summarize the lessons learned from natural hosts that know how to ‘show AIDS the door’, and discuss how these studies informed the design of novel immune modulatory interventions that are currently being tested. Finally, we review the current approaches aimed at targeting chronic immune activation and evoke future perspectives.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - immunology</subject><subject>CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - virology</subject><subject>HIV</subject><subject>HIV Infections - immunology</subject><subject>HIV Infections - virology</subject><subject>HIV-1 - immunology</subject><subject>HIV-1 - metabolism</subject><subject>Human immunodeficiency virus</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>immune activation</subject><subject>Immunology</subject><subject>inflammation</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Lymphocyte Activation - immunology</subject><subject>Lymphocyte Depletion</subject><subject>Lymphoid Tissue - immunology</subject><subject>Lymphoid Tissue - virology</subject><subject>Microbiology and Parasitology</subject><subject>natural hosts</subject><subject>pathogenesis</subject><subject>Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - immunology</subject><subject>Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - virology</subject><subject>SIV</subject><subject>Viral Proteins - immunology</subject><subject>Virology</subject><subject>Virus Replication</subject><issn>0105-2896</issn><issn>1600-065X</issn><issn>1600-065X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkV1PFDEUhhujkQW98A-YvcSLgX7stHNuTAgRduMCCUE03Jx02o5bmI-lnVnl31vcZaMmJPamSfuctz3nIeQdowcsrUPfhAPGqYIXZMQkpRmV-beXZEQZzTNegNwhuzHeUsqU4JPXZIcLpbhkckT2p7PrTMfYGa97Z8dmEbrWm7FvmqF1Y216v9K979o35FWl6-jebvY98uXk09XxNJtfnM6Oj-aZyYFCJqwpLORlKQtDbSWg0C6d2KqsJpYpYMxaXdqi0EwVudZGAc1h4nhuGVelFXvk4zp3OZSNs8a1fdA1LoNvdHjATnv8-6b1C_zerVAoDiBZCsjWAYt_yqZHc1zq2LshIOVpFgCweuT3Nw-G7n5wscfGR-PqWreuGyIykTgugNL_QCWoJIDzhH5YoyZ0MQZXbb_CKD5KwyQNf0tL7Ps_W96ST5YScLgGfvjaPTyfhLOzy6fIzRB86vfntkKHO5RKqBy_np_izRlc3_D5Z7wSvwCAmrA6</recordid><startdate>201307</startdate><enddate>201307</enddate><creator>Paiardini, Mirko</creator><creator>Müller-Trutwin, Michaela</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Wiley</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>1XC</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3854-2396</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>201307</creationdate><title>HIV-associated chronic immune activation</title><author>Paiardini, Mirko ; Müller-Trutwin, Michaela</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5909-3dc8d95bb68c0df398aec8ddfbf4d17911ddabd88a1785aac790594e25d127bd3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - immunology</topic><topic>CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - virology</topic><topic>HIV</topic><topic>HIV Infections - immunology</topic><topic>HIV Infections - virology</topic><topic>HIV-1 - immunology</topic><topic>HIV-1 - metabolism</topic><topic>Human immunodeficiency virus</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>immune activation</topic><topic>Immunology</topic><topic>inflammation</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Lymphocyte Activation - immunology</topic><topic>Lymphocyte Depletion</topic><topic>Lymphoid Tissue - immunology</topic><topic>Lymphoid Tissue - virology</topic><topic>Microbiology and Parasitology</topic><topic>natural hosts</topic><topic>pathogenesis</topic><topic>Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - immunology</topic><topic>Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - virology</topic><topic>SIV</topic><topic>Viral Proteins - immunology</topic><topic>Virology</topic><topic>Virus Replication</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Paiardini, Mirko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Müller-Trutwin, Michaela</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Immunological reviews</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Paiardini, Mirko</au><au>Müller-Trutwin, Michaela</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>HIV-associated chronic immune activation</atitle><jtitle>Immunological reviews</jtitle><addtitle>Immunol Rev</addtitle><date>2013-07</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>254</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>78</spage><epage>101</epage><pages>78-101</pages><issn>0105-2896</issn><issn>1600-065X</issn><eissn>1600-065X</eissn><abstract>Summary
Systemic chronic immune activation is considered today as the driving force of CD4+ T‐cell depletion and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A residual chronic immune activation persists even in HIV‐infected patients in which viral replication is successfully inhibited by anti‐retroviral therapy, with the extent of this residual immune activation being associated with CD4+ T‐cell loss. Unfortunately, the causal link between chronic immune activation and CD4+ T‐cell loss has not been formally established. This article provides first a brief historical overview on how the perception of the causative role of immune activation has changed over the years and lists the different kinds of immune activation characteristic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The mechanisms proposed to explain the chronic immune activation are multiple and are enumerated here, as well as the mechanisms proposed on how chronic immune activation could lead to AIDS. In addition, we summarize the lessons learned from natural hosts that know how to ‘show AIDS the door’, and discuss how these studies informed the design of novel immune modulatory interventions that are currently being tested. Finally, we review the current approaches aimed at targeting chronic immune activation and evoke future perspectives.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>23772616</pmid><doi>10.1111/imr.12079</doi><tpages>24</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3854-2396</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animals CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - immunology CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - virology HIV HIV Infections - immunology HIV Infections - virology HIV-1 - immunology HIV-1 - metabolism Human immunodeficiency virus Humans immune activation Immunology inflammation Life Sciences Lymphocyte Activation - immunology Lymphocyte Depletion Lymphoid Tissue - immunology Lymphoid Tissue - virology Microbiology and Parasitology natural hosts pathogenesis Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - immunology Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - virology SIV Viral Proteins - immunology Virology Virus Replication |
| title | HIV-associated chronic immune activation |
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